Astonishment
Surprise is an emotional short reaction to a sudden, unexpected event, which has clearly defined facial features: wide eyes, raised eyebrows, a wrinkled forehead and a half-open round mouth. This is one of the most easily recognizable and universal emotional responses. And according to our ABC of Emotions, it is not an emotion that is capable of forming an emoengram. Surprise can be on a scale from an unpleasant shade to a pleasant one, striving for joy or fright, depending on the situation, striking with its unexpectedness, unusualness, strangeness or incomprehensibility of a person.
With this feeling, a person experiences a kind of mental shock, or a stopper, in which the brain is freed from thoughts for a fraction of a second. With a light shock of electric current, the muscles instantly contract. You can draw an analogy that also with surprise, there is a feeling, as if from an electric shock, something makes the current run through the nerves, which makes you shudder. When surprised, a person does not know “what's next?”, as suddenness gives rise to a feeling of uncertainty in him.
In our context of the table of emotional states from mood to affect, surprise is a feeling, not an emotion, precisely because it is a short-term state that a person experiences when an unexpected situation arises. If an unexpected situation turns out to be dangerous, then surprise can develop into low-tone states, such as anxiety, fear, fright. If the situation is assessed as safe or pleasant, then in high-tone - interest, happiness, joy. The feeling of surprise is familiar to every person since childhood, which is why this emotional reaction does not receive sufficient description and understanding from a person.
It is generally accepted that most people regard the feeling of surprise as a positive experience. Any person, when recalling a situation with a sense of surprise, will most often talk about a joyful or pleasant surprise, or further pleasure received.
Surprise, according to psychologists, occupies an intermediate position between positive and negative emotions. In our theory of emoengrams, this is not the case, we do not have negative emotions. At the same time, it is important to note that, in general, the high-tone state of interest in the transition further through surprise to excitement from the discovery made has a much higher level of emotional tension than just the emotion of joy from the received gift.
Surprise is characterized by short-term - quickly, comes suddenly and also leaves. Unlike other feelings and emotions, surprise cannot motivate human behavior for a long time. Often, psychologists attribute surprise not to emotions in the true sense of the word, but to emotional reactions. The main function of surprise is to get the person ready to deal effectively with something new or unexpected. It's like a flash or a signal to attract attention.
Poems from V.
We are all free until openings,
Until new dreams, peaks of heights! ..
But in someone there is a hunger for events,
In others, it's the other way around.
Pavel Ivanov. "My Special".
Human life is primarily life through emotional states that a person always experiences long or short, one or more at once. The duration of an emotion is characterized by the psychological and physiological individualities of a person. Once having arisen, in connection with a specific situation, they do not fade away for a long time and continue to keep a person in this state. A vivid example of sadness or sadness. And just like that, if it were not for the emotional reaction of surprise, which is capable of changing the general emotional background of a person, in the event of a sudden occurrence of danger, then a person who is in sadness at that moment could have died.
Surprise, as it were, shakes up the body and clears the channels for other emotional currents, prepares the body for new activity and for a new perception of what is happening.
This text is an introductory piece.surprise) U. is a short-term, quickly passing reaction to a sudden, unexpected event. The activity that existed before is abruptly interrupted. The facial expression takes on characteristic features: wide-open eyes, raised eyebrows, a wrinkled forehead and a half-open round mouth. At extreme degree U., especially at a fright, blinking of eyes and postural reactions are observed. It is one of the most easily recognizable and universal emotions. Her physiologist. the correlates as a whole are the same as with an increase in excitation. U. m. b. unpleasant, pleasant, or both, etc. at the same time. Tomkins describes W. as a state of "reset", in which the mind is cleared of thoughts for a split second. U. can vary from a relatively reflex to a high degree of cognitive reaction. In the form of a reflex reaction, it is closely related to fear and the orienting reflex. It is also closely related to cognitive inconsistency - misalignment, imbalance or dissonance. In a narrower sense, it is a reaction to a sudden change in the level of consistency. Surprise is the primary emotion. Numerous criteria have been proposed for distinguishing primary (basic) emotions, including universality of expression and recognition, neurophysiological substrate, phylogenetic and ontogenetic primacy, adaptive function, consistent hedonic tone, and duration over time. Defined to include the startle reaction, U. easily meets any of these criteria except for the last two. Most theorists neglect these two criteria, as a result of which U. is almost invariably included in every known list of primary emotions. Pluchik's list can serve as representative: joy, sadness, acceptance, rejection, fear, anger, anticipation, and U. Fear and orienting reaction. Fright in its purest form is a complex involuntary reaction to a sudden and strong stimulus. Surprise can heighten the startle response. An extremely strong stimulus may contribute to increased fear, but not necessarily. Suddenness is necessary for fright or U.U. is associated with an orienting reaction (OR), or a reaction to new stimuli, with a cut of an animal or person. orients its body and sense organs in the direction of these stimuli. Learning. L. Kamen suggested that in order to develop a conditioned response, the stimulus must cause Y. In support of this thesis, he cited vivid demonstrations of blocking - an unfavorable outcome of conditioning, in which significant but redundant (and so on) were ignored. about. not causing U.) signals. Along with this, the phenomenon of counter-blocking, or "overconditioning", was demonstrated, in which, for example, a good event (food) caused a strong U. due to the expectation of a bad event (electric shock). Rescola and Wagner formalized this theory of U. conditioning in the form of a simple model of linear operators. This model has successfully integrated blocking, counterblocking, and some other non-intuitive conditioning phenomena. Wagner expanded this model to include both simple habituation and complex information processing. in people. All levels of learning in this model turned out to be interconnected through the concept of the surprisingness of the stimulus. Cognition. One of the research areas., connecting U. with people. cognition refers to the study of cortical potentials caused by an external stimulus ( event-related electroencephalogram potentials) component P300. In general, ERP components with short latent periods are associated with registration by the brain of physical. stimuli, while components with longer latent periods, including P300, are more closely associated with the processes of cognitive processing of information. Research Donchina and co-workers have demonstrated that W. can be measured by the amplitude of the P300 wave, which makes it possible to evaluate the comparative number of expectations or schemas processed by the subject; its latent periods make it possible to estimate the comparative speed of their processing. Social cognition. Literature on social cognition, in particular on issues of cognitive consistency, contains a limited number of studies. on the topic of U, mainly due to insufficient attention, which was given to suddenness - a necessary prerequisite for U. However, a direct relationship was demonstrated between sudden changes in the level of consistency and U. Of greatest interest are the following high correlations obtained: Unpleasantness and inconsistency - 0.89 Surprise and change in inconsistency - 0.86 Surprise and unpleasantness - 0.83 While the first correlation is remarkable in that it shows how accurately pleasantness can be predicted based on the degree of inconsistency, the second correlation shows that W. very closely corresponds with the magnitude of the changes in the degree of agreement. The third correlation indicates that in cases where any changes in inconsistency are directed upwards, U. is unpleasant. Humor. Z. Freud distinguished between "tendentious" and "harmless" wit. These two varieties of wit correspond to two families of theories of humor. The first kind of wit is reflected in the psychoanalytic motivational theory, which considers wit (and wit) as an indirect expression of sexual taboos and aggressive motives. In cognitive theories, preim. devoted to "harmless" wit, either inconsistency (i.e., inconsistency) or U is used as a central explanatory construct. from three parts: a) "installations", in the course of which the context of events and the listener's expectations are formed; b) a "climax" when a nonconformity is suddenly introduced; c) "salt", or denouement, by means of which the listener suddenly resolves this discrepancy. If the denouement does not occur immediately, the listener experiences U. twice: first due to a sudden inconsistency of the climax itself, and the second time - in the process of denouement. There is abundant evidence that the comic is directly related to the amazing in the "harmless" or main. on inconsistency, humor. There is also some evidence that tendentious jokes are perceived as more ridiculous if they do not cause a special U. - evidence that the most enjoyable tendentious jokes should confirm our expectations or prejudices rather than refute them. Thus, W. plays opposite roles in these two varieties of wit. See also Emotions, Sense of humor R. Willis
K. Izard argues that the main function of surprise is to prepare a person for effective interaction with a new, sudden event and its consequences. Surprise frees the nerve pathways, prepares them for new activity, different from the previous one. Izard quotes S. Tomkins (Tomkins, 1962) as saying that surprise is "the emotion of channel clearing." Another position is taken by I. A. Vasiliev, who believes that with the help of surprise, something “new” that is valuable to a person is emotionally colored and highlighted. The emotion of surprise presents to consciousness the still unconscious contradiction between the old and the new and, on this basis, makes it possible for a person to realize the unusual nature of the situation, makes him carefully analyze it and, therefore, orients him in the cognition of external reality. At the same time, this emotion is also the mechanism that induces and directs the motives of mental activity, gives impetus to the choice of means to overcome the discovered contradiction.
L.S. Vygotsky (1984) notes that in subjectivist psychology, interests were sometimes identified with mental activity and considered as a purely intellectual phenomenon, sometimes they were derived from the nature of the human will, sometimes they were placed in the sphere of emotional experiences and were defined as joy from what was happening without difficulty in the functioning of our forces.
B. I. Dodonov calls the emotions experienced by a person in the process of performing an activity of interest to him (procedural interests) a sense of interest. It is, he writes, the feeling of successfully satisfied need for desired experiences. It can be different and is sometimes generated by ordinary needs that have not yet formed a special mechanism of interest-inclination. The activity in which interests express themselves through this feeling may be of a different nature; sometimes it can be limited only to cognitive processes, and then it is noted that people watch something with interest, listen to something with interest, or study something with interest. But a person can work with interest, and play with interest, etc. At the same time, Dodonov believes, depending on the specific nature of the activity, interest will be expressed through different emotions, have a different emotional structure. At the same time, he writes that in order to understand the nature of human interests, their essence must be sought not in the specifics of the “sense of interest”, but in something completely different. What exactly, he did not reveal. This may be the need for novelty, and the attractiveness of the unknown, the mysterious, and the desire to experience satisfaction from what has been done.
Considerable attention is paid to the interest of K. Izard (2000). It assumes the presence of some internal emotion of interest, which provides selective motivation for the processes of attention and perception and stimulates and streamlines human cognitive activity. Interest is considered by Izard as a positive emotion that is experienced by a person more often than all other emotions. At the same time, he speaks of interest and as a motivation.
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According to V. Charlesworth (Charlsworth, 1968) and K. Izard, interest, like surprise, is innate. However, Izard does not identify interest with the orienting reflex (involuntary attention), although he points out that the latter can trigger the emotion of interest and contribute to it. However, then the orienting reaction disappears, but the interest remains. The author emphasizes that interest is something more than attention, and proves this by the fact that on a mannequin with a painted face, a two-month-old child retains attention longer than on a mannequin without a face, and on a living human face longer than on a mannequin with a face. The emotion of interest differs from the orienting reflex in that it can be activated by imagination and memory processes that are independent of external stimulation. He also points out the difference between interest and surprise and amazement, although he does not dwell on the features that differentiate them.
It seems to me that it is necessary to distinguish between short-term and long-term manifestations of interest. Izard speaks of the first, which might be called the interest response. To be interested means to feel (realize) an interest in someone or something (S. I. Ozhegov). Long-term interest is already an intellectual feeling, a positive emotional attitude towards the knowledge of some object.
The mimic expression of the emotion of interest, as shown by Izard, is most often short-lived and lasts from 0.5 to 4-5 seconds, while the neural activity caused by interest and its experience last longer. Interest can be manifested only by one facial movement in one of the areas of the face or by a combination of them - raised or slightly drawn together eyebrows, moving the gaze towards the object, slightly open mouth or pursing the lips.
The manifestation of emotion of interest is accompanied first by a slight bradycardia (decrease in heart rate), and then by some increase in heart rate. The emotion of interest, according to Izard, manifests itself in such experiences as capture, enchantment, curiosity.
Curiosity. Considering interest, domestic psychologists, as a rule, consciously or unintentionally say nothing about such a psychological phenomenon as curiosity. Meanwhile, according to S. I. Ozhegov, curiosity is a desire to learn, to see something new, a manifestation of interest in something (I would add - “here and now”). In particular, a curious fact is an interesting one that arouses curiosity, an interest that contains some kind of intrigue. From here to intrigue - to arouse interest, curiosity with something mysterious, obscure. Curiosity is akin to the concept of "curious", that is, prone to acquiring new knowledge.
It should be noted that, as La Rochefoucauld wrote, there are two types of curiosity: self-interested - inspired by the hope of acquiring useful information, and proud - caused by the desire to find out what is unknown to others.
All of the above indicates that there is no reason to exclude curiosity from consideration of the question of interest.
It is obvious that curiosity and inquisitiveness are manifestations of cognitive interest, despite the fact that in some cases curiosity can be petty and empty (i.e., interest is shown in all random or insignificant circumstances, facts, etc.), or, as writes P. A. Rudik, curiosity is the initial stage of the development of interest in the absence of a clear selective attitude towards objects of knowledge.
A. G. Kovalev (1970) writes that in young children, interest initially manifests itself in the form of curiosity. But this focus on the object is temporary and can be called pre-interest. Actually interest (attitude) arises in preschool age.
Thus, curiosity can, according to Kovalev, be regarded as a manifestation of situational interest. But, on the other hand, can't everyone say to himself that in certain situations he also shows curiosity about new, amazing, surprising, intriguing facts, objects? And don't we, when reading a work of art (a novel, a detective story), show the same curiosity: what will happen next, how will it end?
Therefore, N. D. Levitov is right when he says that curiosity has different forms and it would be wrong to think that all of them are an expression of superficial, frivolous curiosity. He highlights a direct and naive curiosity that may not contain anything bad. Such curiosity is characteristic of young children. To a new person for them, they can ask a wide variety of questions: “Why are you so big?”, “Do you have a little daughter?” etc. Direct and naive curiosity, as Levitov notes, also occurs in adults when they have to pay attention to something new, unusual. Such is the curiosity of a person in a new environment.
Levitov also speaks of serious curiosity, which testifies to the curiosity of a person. This is a kind of short-term curiosity concentrate. It is no coincidence that the words "curiosity" and "inquisitiveness" have a common root; through curiosity, inquisitiveness is formed, inquisitiveness is expressed in curiosity. Levitov considers curiosity as one of the indicators of mental activity, liveliness and breadth of human interests. He emphasizes the role of curiosity in science: it is often the impetus for research.
When people talk about curiosity with disdain, they mean its special form - idle curiosity. This means that curiosity is directed to an object that is not worth attention, and that its source is the desire to penetrate into a region into which this person should not penetrate. Levitov classifies onlookers as idly curious, as well as gossips who want to know something sensational.
Many psychologists understand interest as an attitude, which also follows from the translation of the Latin word “interest” - “important”, “major”. True, this attitude is not always biased, emotionally. So, in the Dictionary of Ethics, interest is defined as the purposeful attitude of a person, society as a whole, to any object of his need; in the "Psychological Dictionary" interest is understood as the needful attitude of a person to the world. Most often, however, it is emphasized that interest as an attitude has a positive emotional connotation. For S. L. Rubinshtein, interest is a selective, emotionally colored attitude of a person to reality, for A. G. Kovalev it is an emotional and cognitive attitude, etc. At the same time, Kovalev notes that not any emotional attitude constitutes interest. Joy may or may not express interest. Therefore, as the author believes, only a stable positive emotional attitude of a person to an object can be an obligatory sign of interest. But the latter can also be considered as a propensity (the need for the implementation of an interesting
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activities), and as a feeling. Hence the ambiguity in understanding interest as a psychological phenomenon, which I spoke about in detail in my book Motivation and Motives (Ilyin, 2000).
The emerging contradiction in understanding interest, on the one hand, as a situational psychological phenomenon (need), and on the other hand, as a stable psychological phenomenon (emotional attitude), B. I. Dodonov (1973, 1978) tried to solve as follows. He sees the key to understanding the essence of interests in considering the dynamics of the relationship between needs and emotions, which lead to the emergence of interests-relationships, interests-properties of the individual. Acting primarily as indicators of a person's needs, emotions themselves gradually become more and more the "subject" of his special psychological needs, acquire a certain inherent value, and begin to anticipate the personality in advance. The "mechanism" of each interest, according to Dodonov, includes needs that have acquired a service function. Therefore, from his point of view, interest is a need to experience relationships, a thirst for positive emotions. In fact, he shares the understanding of A. G. Kovalev's interest as a stable positive emotional attitude, showing the origins of this attitude.
It is obvious that the understanding of interest either as emotions or as feelings is wrong, since interest is both together, but not only that. Interest is, first of all, a motivational formation, in which, along with an emotional component (a positive emotional tone of the impression - pleasure from the process), there is another one - the need for knowledge, novelty. Therefore, interest is an affective-cognitive complex.
That which is surprising, a miracle
Alternative descriptionsEach of the appearances: Christ - to the people and the Swan Princess - to Prince Guidon
Roman P. Zagrebelny
Tears icons
Squirrel singing songs and gnawing golden nuts as a natural phenomenon
. “There is something else in the world...” (Pushkin)
Russian folktale
fabulous beauty
Surprise, miracle
Nevidal
Eka unseen
Something extraordinary
Something wonderful, magical
miracle of miracles
. “It's a miracle! It...!"
Game of nature
Squirrel eating nuts
What surprises a lot
fabulous miracle
Squirrel singing songs like a miracle
Unseen, curiosity
miracle, phenomenon
Astonishment
The thing that surprises
nevidalshchina
Miraculous synonym
What causes amazement
Old Russian miracle
wonderful something
Unseen thing
miraculous thing
. “That's really ..., so ...” (Pushkin)
Miraculous vision
extraordinary phenomenon
Beer is not... and honey is not praise
natural phenomenon
Anything out of the ordinary
Something wonderful
Miracles, and more!
miraculous phenomenon
Something amazing
Miracle, unseen phenomenon
Same as a miracle
Roman by P. Zagrebelny (1968)
. "There is something else in the world..." (Pushkin)
. "That's really ..., so much ..." (Pushkin)
. "It's a miracle! It's...!"
Wed miracle, unseen, curiosity, lower. amazing a thing or case rare, amazing. amazed, amazed. This is a marvel. A wonderful miracle, a wonderful miracle: from a black cow, and white milk! marveled, marveled greatly. My darling, my darling. Divnyatko became, perm. and what a wonder this is: at the gate there is an overflow, a song. Divya adv. no wonder, nothing to marvel at; gladly. Divya is the one to live whose grandmother tells fortunes. Divya would be our calf, but the wolf to catch. Divya walk like it's not. Do not divya the Mother of God, if the son is Christ. novg. used pl. dives, dives, miracles; in Sib. divodezha Eco miracle, the pig has a nickel snout! It's a miracle that you don't drink beer. They brewed beer, made a diva. Drink a lot of wine, be in trouble: drink a lot of beer, not be without a diva. A marvel after a marvel, and miracles in themselves. Old man. what a marvel. What is not, then a miracle. You wonder marvel, and we marveled. There is no wedding without divas, without pranks, miracles. Amazing arch. marvelous, wonderful, marvelous, marvelous, amazing, rare; beautiful, excellent. Wonderful world, marvelous people. Three times a man is wondrous: he is born, marries, dies. Wonderfulness. wonder, miracle, as a property or quality, old. wonder cf. Wonderfully sowing. and east. wonderful; a lot, fairly, plentifully, enough; far, long, long time ago. now marvelously knocked down, sowing. worked a lot. How old are you? it's amazing. Is it far? it will still be amazing. Divnyazhno perm. marvelous, i.e. a lot of. Wonder ryaz. all day, in the morning, for a long time, for a long time; or it's distorted. the whole day? To amaze people, to surprise, to amaze. Fool, surprise people. Do not marvel at us, do not marvel. Divi would have spoken. novg. or divya would, sib. Well, let it be, well, if only. Divya would be good. Divitko ryaz. tamb. really, really? Surprise Psk., locally. pronunciation, but it’s more correct to deviate, speaking of girls, talking outside the gate with a friend. To marvel at something, to be surprised, to wonder, to be amazed. Surprised, he marveled at this. I'm not surprised. Look, come. Surprised, surprised. He who marvels at everything, people marvel at him. The earthly one boasts, but the heavenly one marvels at boasting. Every master marvels at himself. They marveled at others, but they themselves broke off on the ice. The rich marvel that the poor cannot live (that the poor cannot live). The rich marvel at the poor, how he lives, but God helped. There is nothing to marvel at, God forbid everyone, speaking. when someone mocks someone else's misfortune. Fool with fools converged, marveled at each other. To marvel or marvel at something, marvel. Do not marvel at him, do not marvel at him. The bird marvels, looks at the dog and lets the hunter in. Fool with fool jostled, marveled at each other. Divovanie cf. prolonged surprise, looking around with curiosity. Divun m. divunya f. who marvel at what. Divulya vol. arch. joker, jester, funny, eccentric, jester, gaer. Likewise pronunciation. sometimes a completely different word: devulya, a guy who looks more like a girl. Divock m. divachka w. southern app. a strange person, an eccentric, a miracle worker. to play eccentric, to be eccentric (to be eccentric), to play pranks, to roam. Divovishche cf. what is marveled at, a person or thing is marvelous, for a miracle to people. Div m. old. marvel, marvel, marvel, marvel. Div marine, sea monster, monster. Sinister bird; probably a scarecrow, an owl. Divozritel, -nitsa, in general, who sees a miracle, a miracle; who foresees miracles, comprehends, sees more than others. Divosil m. plant. Inula helenium, elecampane
Miracles, and only
Miracle wonderful
Miracle, unseen in one word
Some unseen phenomenon, curiosity