Putin awarded the title of Hero of Russia to Anatoly Gorshkov, a veteran of the defense of Tula during the war. Anatoly Petrovich Gorshkov - Hero of the Russian Federation (posthumously) From Captain to Major General

Anatoly Petrovich Gorshkov(May 9, 1908, Moscow, Russian Empire - December 29, 1985, Moscow, USSR) - leader of the Soviet state security agencies, one of the leaders of the defense of the city of Tula and partisan operations during the Great Patriotic War, major general. Hero of the Russian Federation (posthumously, September 6, 2016).

Biography

early years

In 1930 he was called up for military service and sent to the border troops of the NKVD in the Far East. Member of the CPSU (b) / CPSU since 1930. He went from an ordinary border guard to a commander at border outposts, commandant's offices and detachments. He guarded the Far Eastern borders, then served on the Romanian and Polish borders. He graduated from the border school and. Since 1938, he was sent to the Office of the Border Troops in Kyiv, then he was assigned to Moscow, to the Main Directorate of the Border Troops.

From the personal file of Gorshkov (June 10, 1940): “I am betrayed to the Party of Lenin-Stalin and the Socialist Motherland. Politically and morally stable, vigilant, knows how to keep military and state secrets. Willpower has. Energetic, persistent, determined. In his work, he constantly shows broad personal initiative. Demanding of himself and subordinates. Disciplined and executive: Practically healthy. Modest in everyday life.

During the Great Patriotic War

The situation in the Tula direction became much more complicated when on October 3, 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied the city of Oryol. Units and formations of the 1st Special Guards Rifle Corps arrived in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Mtsensk, which launched battles with the advancing German troops on the border of the Oryol and Tula regions. At the same time, to protect the rear and evacuate livestock and grain from areas adjacent to the battlefields, fighter battalions and units of the NKVD troops were sent from Tula, led by Captain A.P. Gorshkov.

On October 23, 1941, the city defense committee decided to form the Tula workers' regiment of 1,500 people, uniting five battalions. The regiment was headed by the head of the 4th department of the NKVD Directorate of the Tula region, captain of state security A.P. Gorshkov. Regiment Commissar - Grigory Ageev: 206. In four days he formed a regiment and commanded it almost all the days of the defense of the city of Tula.

At the end of November 1941, A.P. Gorshkov handed over the regiment to a new commander (former commander of the 958th Infantry Regiment of the 299th Infantry Division, Major V.M. Baranov) and returned to the NKVD Directorate for the Tula Region, where he organized and transferred to the rear the enemy of partisan detachments and reconnaissance and sabotage groups.

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In early 1942, he was appointed to the position of deputy chief of staff of the partisan movement of the Bryansk Front. Repeatedly flew behind enemy lines to lead major operations of the Bryansk partisans. He did a great job of restoring communication and uniting partisan detachments into formations and associations, setting them special tasks under the leadership of the headquarters of the partisan movement. As a result, the struggle of partisans behind enemy lines intensified, only in August-September and in ten days of October, 17969 were killed, 4230 enemy soldiers and officers were wounded. The partisans derailed 120 military echelons of 1469 wagons with manpower and equipment, military property of the enemy, blew up two armored trains, 121 locomotives, 15 aircraft, 45 tanks, 6 armored vehicles, 16 guns, 285 vehicles with ammunition and manpower, 39 bridges on highways and dirt roads, 2 railway bridges, 3 warehouses with ammunition and fuel, 4 factories, etc. Partisan detachments operating in the Kursk region became more active, derailing 27 military echelons. Partisan detachments were trained and sent to the Byelorussian SSR for the development of the partisan movement and sabotage work.

In the spring of 1943, German troops undertook a major anti-partisan operation supported by tanks, artillery and aircraft. However, the partisans, skillfully maneuvering, managed to hold out and retain their main forces to continue sabotage operations against garrisons and communications behind enemy lines. For the skillful leadership of military operations, A.P. Gorshkov was awarded the rank of major general. Since September 1943 - a representative of the Central and Belarusian headquarters of the partisan movement at the headquarters of the 1st Belorussian Front. Awarded the second Order of the Red Banner (January 31, 1943)

In 1944, Major General A.P. Gorshkov, having extensive experience in partisan warfare, was appointed deputy head of the Soviet military mission in Yugoslavia, which provided significant assistance to the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia in the fight against German troops.

By order of the NKVD of the USSR No. 001447 of December 1, 1944, the OBB of the NKVD of the USSR was reorganized into the Main Directorate of the NKVD of the USSR for Combating Banditry with the inclusion of the headquarters of the fighter battalions of the NKVD of the USSR. Major General A.P. Gorshkov was appointed head of the 1st department.

In the post-war period

By order of the NKVD of the USSR No. 001110 of September 29, 1945, new states were approved, and by Order of the NKVD of the USSR No. 1013 of October 2, 1945, the deployment of personnel of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR was announced. Major General A.P. Gorshkov was appointed head of the 1st department (Ukraine, Moldova) of the GUBB NKVD of the USSR. On February 8, 1946, Major General A.P. Gorshkov was relieved of his post as head of the 1st department of the GUBB NKVD of the USSR in connection with his appointment as People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Kabardian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Since 1948 in the reserve of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. He worked in construction organizations of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, did a lot of public work in the international commission of the Soviet Committee of War Veterans. He often visited Tula, in cities and towns of the Tula region, met with veterans and youth. In 1966, A.P. Gorshkov was awarded the title "Honorary citizen of the city of Tula", and in September 1968 - "Honorary citizen of the city of Bryansk".

Publications

Gorshkov A.P. The people take up arms / A.P. Gorshkov // They defended Tula: Memoirs and essays. Tula: Tula book publishing house, 1961. - S. 27-32.
Gorshkov A.P. Working Regiment of Tula / A.P. Gorshkov // War. People. Victory. KnL.-M .: Politizdat, 1976. - S. 132-135.
Ordered: hold out! (Notes of the commander of the Tula working regiment) / A.P. Gorshkov; lit. entry by V. M. Karpiya. - Tula: Approx. book. publishing house, 1985. - 223 p. - (Immortality).
On the borders of immortality / A.P. Gorshkov // Winners. - Tula, 2004. - S. 50-59.

Awards and titles

Russian state awards:

Soviet state awards:

Yugoslav state awards:

Honorary citizen of the cities of Tula (1966), Bryansk (September 1968) and the Suvorov district of the Tula region (1966).

Memory

In Tula, General Gorshkov Street (the village of Kosaya Gora) was named after him, and in 2001 a memorial plaque was installed on the building of the former Directorate of the NKVD.

A family

Wife - Antonina Alexandrovna, three daughters: Lyudmila (born 1934, the city of Tiraspol), Nina (born 1937, the city of Slavuta), Tatiana (born 1947, the city of Nalchik).

Ratings and opinions

From the memoirs of the commander of the Tula workers' regiment Anatoly Gorshkov about the beginning of the defense of Tula:

The morning of October 30 found the regiment in the trenches. It was a dull, cold autumn rain. We already knew from the horse reconnaissance data about the preparation of a tank attack. And at about six in the morning shells and mines began to burst in the area of our positions. The Germans began artillery preparation. At six-thirty we heard a low, heavy rumble, and then we saw the tanks: The first attack had begun. Then there was the second. Third. Fourth…

Former chief of the Central headquarters of the partisan movement P. K. Ponomarenko:

Major General A.P. Gorshkov, former deputy of the Bryansk headquarters of the partisan movement and commander of the southern group of the Bryansk partisans, characterized the significance of the “Rail War” in this way: war "... destruction of bridges, undermining railways, raids on stations and the destruction of track facilities, complex mining techniques, rail warfare. Such is the arsenal of combat techniques of the partisan struggle, which had an exceptional effect.

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Notes

V. I. Bot.. Tula Regional Universal Scientific Library. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
in the electronic bank of documents "Feat of the People"
. MySlo.ru (January 24, 2007). Retrieved March 15, 2014.
Boldin I.V. Undefeated Tula // Authors group./ Edited by Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR A. M. Samsonov. - M .: Nauka, 1966. - 350 p.
Lebedev V. // Chekist.ru, January 26, 2009.
The regimental commissar Grigory Ageev died on the first day of the fighting on October 30, 1941.
. Bryansk region. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
in the electronic bank of documents "Feat of the People"
Kokurin A. I., Vladimirtsev N. I. The NKVD-MVD of the USSR in the fight against banditry and the armed nationalist underground in Western Ukraine, Western Belarus and the Baltic States (1939-1956). - 2008 - S. 153.
in the electronic bank of documents "Feat of the People"
. Website of the municipal formation Suvorovsky district of the Tula region. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
Elena Shulepova. (unavailable link - story) . RIA "Novosti" (December 7, 2001). Retrieved March 15, 2014. .
P. K. Ponomarenko. National struggle in the rear of the Nazi invaders. 1941-1944. M., 1986. - S. 259.

Literature

Bot V.I. Gorshkov Anatoly Petrovich / V. I. Bot // Tula biogr. words. New names. - Tula, 2003. - S. 59-60.
Gorshkov Anatoly Petrovich [commander Tul. working regiment] // Voices from immortality: letters from the front, memories, dates. - Tula, 2005. - P. 287.
Rodichev N. Behind the front line / N. Rodichev // And courage, like a banner, carried: Sat. essays on the heroes of the Great Fatherland. wars. - M., 1990. - S. 222-227.
Salikhov V. A. Commander of the Working Regiment / V. A. Salikhov // Winners. - Tula, 2004. - P. 60-72.
Hero of the Defense of Tula // Tul. courier.- 2001.- No. 23.- P. 6.
Ordered: hold out! // Tula. - June 20, 2001. - P. 5.
Salikhov V. A. Commander of the working regiment / V. A. Salikhov // Tulskiye Izvestiya. - 2001.- 15 Nov. ; Dec 5
Son of the undefeated Fatherland // Tul. news. - June 22, 2001. - S. 2.
Tula Worker Regiment // Sloboda.- 2007.- January 24-31 (No. 4).- S. 17-18.
Memorial plaques installed in Tula in 2001 // Tula local historian. alm. - Tula, 2003. - Issue. 1.- S. 141.
To the commander of the working regiment // Tula. - December 11, 2001. - P. 3.
Kuznetsova, L. Stepping into immortality / L. Kuznetsova // Tul. news. - December 8, 2001.
Gorshkov Anatoly Petrovich: [obituary] // Kommunar. - December 31, 1985.

Bibliography:

Bot V.I. 90 years since the birth (1908) A.P. Gorshkova / V.I. Bot // Tula region. Memorable dates for 1998: decree. Lit. - Tula, 1997. - S. 43-44.
80 years since the birth (1908) of A.P. Gorshkov // Tula region. Memorable dates for 1988: decree. Lit. - Tula, 1987. - S. 31.
Tula workers' regiment // Let's bow to those great years...: Materials of Tul. region scientific-practical. conf. "Vseros. The Book of Memory: historical, socio-cultural, memorial and educational aspects” (Tula, April 4, 2001). Tula and the region in the Great Patriotic War: a consolidated bibliography. decree. lit. - Tula, 2001. - S. 131-133.

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An excerpt characterizing Gorshkov, Anatoly Petrovich

- What? Mom?… What?
- Go, go to him. He asks for your hand, - the countess said coldly, as it seemed to Natasha ... - Go ... go, - the mother said with sadness and reproach after the fleeing daughter, and sighed heavily.
Natasha did not remember how she entered the living room. When she entered the door and saw him, she stopped. “Is this stranger really become my everything now?” she asked herself and instantly answered: “Yes, everything: he alone is now dearer to me than everything in the world.” Prince Andrei went up to her, lowering his eyes.
“I fell in love with you from the moment I saw you. Can I hope?
He looked at her, and the earnest passion of her countenance struck him. Her face said: “Why ask? Why doubt that which is impossible not to know? Why talk when you can’t express what you feel in words.
She approached him and stopped. He took her hand and kissed it.
– Do you love me?
“Yes, yes,” Natasha said as if with annoyance, sighed loudly, another time, more and more often, and sobbed.
– About what? What's wrong with you?
“Oh, I’m so happy,” she answered, smiled through her tears, leaned closer to him, thought for a second, as if asking herself if it was possible, and kissed him.
Prince Andrei held her hands, looked into her eyes, and did not find in his soul the former love for her. Something suddenly turned in his soul: there was no former poetic and mysterious charm of desire, but there was pity for her feminine and childish weakness, there was fear of her devotion and gullibility, a heavy and at the same time joyful consciousness of the duty that bound him forever with her. The real feeling, although it was not as light and poetic as the former, was more serious and stronger.
“Did maman tell you that it couldn’t be before a year?” - said Prince Andrei, continuing to look into her eyes. “Is it really me, that child girl (everyone said so about me) thought Natasha, is it possible that from now on I am a wife, equal to this strange, sweet, intelligent person, respected even by my father. Is that really true! Is it really true that now it is no longer possible to joke with life, now I am big, now responsibility for all my deeds and words lies on me? Yes, what did he ask me?
“No,” she answered, but she did not understand what he was asking.
“Forgive me,” said Prince Andrei, “but you are so young, and I have already experienced so much life. I'm scared for you. You don't know yourself.
Natasha listened with concentrated attention, trying to understand the meaning of his words, but did not understand.
“No matter how hard this year will be for me, postponing my happiness,” continued Prince Andrei, “during this period you will believe yourself. I ask you to make my happiness in a year; but you are free: our engagement will remain a secret, and if you are convinced that you do not love me, or would love ... - said Prince Andrei with an unnatural smile.
Why are you saying this? Natasha interrupted him. “You know that from the very day you first came to Otradnoye, I fell in love with you,” she said, firmly convinced that she was telling the truth.
- In a year you will recognize yourself ...
- A whole year! - Natasha suddenly said, now only realizing that the wedding was postponed for a year. - Why is it a year? Why a year? ... - Prince Andrei began to explain to her the reasons for this delay. Natasha didn't listen to him.
- And it can not be otherwise? she asked. Prince Andrei did not answer, but his face expressed the impossibility of changing this decision.
- This is terrible! No, it's terrible, terrible! Natasha suddenly spoke up and sobbed again. “I’ll die waiting for a year: it’s impossible, it’s terrible. - She looked into the face of her fiancé and saw on him an expression of compassion and bewilderment.
“No, no, I’ll do everything,” she said, suddenly stopping her tears, “I’m so happy!” The father and mother entered the room and blessed the bride and groom.
From that day on, Prince Andrei began to go to the Rostovs as a groom.

There was no betrothal, and no one was announced about Bolkonsky's engagement to Natasha; Prince Andrew insisted on this. He said that since he was the cause of the delay, he must bear the full burden of it. He said that he had forever bound himself with his word, but that he did not want to bind Natasha and gave her complete freedom. If in six months she feels that she does not love him, she will be in her own right if she refuses him. It goes without saying that neither the parents nor Natasha wanted to hear about it; but Prince Andrei insisted on his own. Prince Andrei visited the Rostovs every day, but not like a groom treated Natasha: he told her you and only kissed her hand. Between Prince Andrei and Natasha, after the day of the proposal, completely different than before, close, simple relations were established. They didn't seem to know each other until now. Both he and she loved to remember how they looked at each other when they were still nothing, now they both felt like completely different beings: then pretended, now simple and sincere. At first, the family felt awkward in dealing with Prince Andrei; he seemed like a man from an alien world, and Natasha for a long time accustomed her family to Prince Andrei and proudly assured everyone that he only seemed so special, and that he was the same as everyone else, and that she was not afraid of him and that no one should be afraid his. After a few days, the family got used to him and did not hesitate to lead the old way of life with him, in which he took part. He knew how to talk about housekeeping with the count, and about outfits with the countess and Natasha, and about albums and canvases with Sonya. Sometimes the family Rostovs among themselves and under Prince Andrei were surprised at how all this happened and how obvious the omens of this were: both the arrival of Prince Andrei in Otradnoye, and their arrival in Petersburg, and the similarity between Natasha and Prince Andrei, which the nanny noticed on the first visit Prince Andrei, and the clash in 1805 between Andrei and Nikolai, and many other omens of what happened, were noticed at home.
The house was dominated by that poetic boredom and silence that always accompanies the presence of the bride and groom. Often sitting together, everyone was silent. Sometimes they got up and left, and the bride and groom, remaining alone, were also silent. Rarely did they talk about their future lives. Prince Andrei was scared and ashamed to talk about it. Natasha shared this feeling, like all his feelings, which she constantly guessed. Once Natasha began to ask about his son. Prince Andrei blushed, which often happened to him now and that Natasha especially loved, and said that his son would not live with them.
- From what? Natasha said scared.
“I can’t take him away from my grandfather and then…”
How I would love him! - said Natasha, immediately guessing his thought; but I know you want no pretexts to accuse you and me.
The old count sometimes approached Prince Andrei, kissed him, asked him for advice on the upbringing of Petya or the service of Nikolai. The old countess sighed as she looked at them. Sonya was afraid at any moment to be superfluous and tried to find excuses to leave them alone when they did not need it. When Prince Andrei spoke (he spoke very well), Natasha listened to him with pride; when she spoke, she noticed with fear and joy that he was looking at her attentively and searchingly. She asked herself in bewilderment: “What is he looking for in me? What is he trying to achieve with his eyes? What, if not in me what he is looking for with this look? Sometimes she entered into her insanely cheerful mood, and then she especially liked to listen and watch how Prince Andrei laughed. He rarely laughed, but when he did, he gave himself over to his laughter, and every time after that laughter she felt closer to him. Natasha would have been perfectly happy if the thought of the upcoming and approaching parting had not frightened her, since he, too, turned pale and cold at the mere thought of it.
On the eve of his departure from Petersburg, Prince Andrei brought with him Pierre, who had never been to the Rostovs since the ball. Pierre seemed confused and embarrassed. He was talking to his mother. Natasha sat down with Sonya at the chess table, thus inviting Prince Andrei to her. He approached them.
"You've known the Earless for a long time, haven't you?" - he asked. - Do you love him?
- Yes, he is nice, but very funny.
And she, as always talking about Pierre, began to tell jokes about his absent-mindedness, jokes that they even made up about him.
“You know, I confided our secret to him,” said Prince Andrei. “I have known him since childhood. This is a heart of gold. I beg you, Natalie,” he said suddenly seriously; I'm leaving, God knows what might happen. You can spill... Well, I know I shouldn't talk about it. One thing - whatever happens to you when I'm gone...
– What will happen?…
“Whatever the grief,” continued Prince Andrei, “I ask you, m lle Sophie, no matter what happens, turn to him alone for advice and help. This is the most absent-minded and funny person, but the most golden heart.
Neither father and mother, nor Sonya, nor Prince Andrei himself could foresee how parting with her fiancé would affect Natasha. Red and agitated, with dry eyes, she walked around the house that day, doing the most insignificant things, as if not understanding what awaited her. She did not cry even at the moment when he said goodbye, he kissed her hand for the last time. - Don't leave! she only said to him in a voice that made him wonder if he really needed to stay and which he remembered for a long time after that. When he left, she didn't cry either; but for several days she sat in her room without crying, was not interested in anything, and only occasionally said: “Ah, why did he leave!”
But two weeks after his departure, just as unexpectedly for those around her, she woke up from her moral illness, became the same as before, but only with a changed moral physiognomy, like children with a different face get out of bed after a long illness.

The health and character of Prince Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky, in this last year after the departure of his son, became very weak. He became even more irritable than before, and all the outbursts of his causeless anger for the most part fell upon Princess Mary. It was as if he diligently sought out all her sore spots in order to torture her morally as cruelly as possible. Princess Marya had two passions and therefore two joys: her nephew Nikolushka and religion, both of which were favorite themes of the prince's attacks and ridicule. Whatever they talked about, he reduced the conversation to the superstitions of old girls or to pampering and spoiling children. - “You want to make him (Nikolenka) the same old girl as you yourself; in vain: Prince Andrei needs a son, not a girl, ”he said. Or, turning to mademoiselle Bourime, he asked her in front of Princess Mary how she liked our priests and images, and joked ...
He incessantly painfully insulted Princess Mary, but the daughter did not even make an effort on herself to forgive him. How could he be guilty before her, and how could her father, who, she still knew it, loved her, be unjust? And what is justice? The princess never thought about this proud word: "justice." All the complex laws of mankind were concentrated for her in one simple and clear law - in the law of love and self-denial, taught to us by Him Who suffered with love for humanity, when He himself is God. What did she care about the justice or injustice of other people? She had to suffer and love herself, and she did it.
In winter, Prince Andrei came to the Bald Mountains, he was cheerful, meek and gentle, as Princess Mary had not seen him for a long time. She foresaw that something had happened to him, but he did not say anything to Princess Mary about his love. Before leaving, Prince Andrei had a long conversation about something with his father, and Princess Marya noticed that before leaving, both were dissatisfied with each other.
Shortly after the departure of Prince Andrei, Princess Mary wrote from Lysy Gory to Petersburg to her friend Julie Karagina, whom Princess Mary dreamed, as girls always dream, of marrying off her brother, and who at that time was in mourning on the occasion of the death of her brother, who was killed in Turkey.
“Sorrow, apparently, is our common destiny, dear and gentle friend Julieie.”
“Your loss is so terrible that I cannot explain it to myself otherwise than as a special favor of God, who wants to experience - loving you - you and your excellent mother. Ah, my friend, religion, and only one religion, can comfort us, not to say, but deliver us from despair; one religion can explain to us what a person cannot understand without its help: why, why are good, exalted beings who know how to find happiness in life, not only not harming anyone, but necessary for the happiness of others - are called to God, but remain to live evil, useless, harmful, or those that are a burden to themselves and others. The first death I saw and will never forget, the death of my dear sister-in-law, made such an impression on me. Just as you ask fate, why did your beautiful brother die, in the same way I asked why this angel Liza died, who not only did not do any harm to a person, but never had other good thoughts in her soul . And well, my friend, five years have passed since then, and I, with my insignificant mind, already begin to clearly understand why she had to die, and how this death was only an expression of the infinite goodness of the Creator, all of whose actions , although we mostly do not understand them, are only manifestations of His infinite love for His creation. Maybe, I often think, she was too angelically innocent to have the strength to bear all the responsibilities of a mother. She was flawless as a young wife; perhaps she could not be such a mother. Now, not only did she leave us, and especially Prince Andrei, the purest regret and recollection, she will probably get there the place that I do not dare to hope for myself. But, not to mention her alone, this early and terrible death had the most beneficial effect, despite all the sadness, on me and on my brother. Then, in the moment of loss, these thoughts could not come to me; then I would have driven them away with horror, but now it is so clear and undeniable. I am writing all this to you, my friend, only to convince you of the gospel truth, which has become a life rule for me: not a single hair will fall from my head without His will. And His will is guided only by one boundless love for us, and therefore everything that happens to us is all for our good. Are you asking if we will spend next winter in Moscow? Despite all the desire to see you, I do not think and do not want it. And you will be surprised that the reason for this is Buonaparte. And here's why: my father's health is noticeably weakening: he cannot bear contradictions and becomes irritable. This irritability, as you know, is mainly directed towards political affairs. He cannot bear the thought that Buonaparte deals with all the sovereigns of Europe as equals, and especially with our grandson of Great Catherine! As you know, I am completely indifferent to political affairs, but from the words of my father and his conversations with Mikhail Ivanovich, I know everything that is happening in the world, and in particular all the honors paid to Buonaparte, who, it seems, is still only in Lysy Mountains throughout the globe are not recognized either as a great man, or even less as a French emperor. And my father can't stand it. It seems to me that my father, mainly because of his view of political affairs and foreseeing the clashes that he will have, because of his manner, not embarrassed to express his opinions with anyone, is reluctant to talk about a trip to Moscow. Whatever he gains from the treatment, he will lose in the inevitable Buonaparte controversy. In any case, this will be resolved very soon. Our family life goes on as before, with the exception of the presence of brother Andrei. He, as I wrote to you, has changed a lot lately. After his grief, only now, this year, he completely morally revived. He became the way I knew him as a child: kind, gentle, with that golden heart, to which I know no equal. He realized, it seems to me, that life is not over for him. But along with this moral change, he became very physically weak. He became thinner than before, more nervous. I fear for him and am glad that he has undertaken this trip abroad, which the doctors have long prescribed for him. I hope this fixes it. You write to me that in Petersburg they talk about him as one of the most active, educated and intelligent young people. Forgive the pride of kinship - I never doubted it. It is impossible to count the good that he did here to everyone, from his peasants to the nobles. Arriving in Petersburg, he took only what he needed. I am surprised how rumors reach Moscow from Petersburg at all, and especially such false ones as the one you write to me about - a rumor about an imaginary marriage of a brother to little Rostova. I don't think Andrew will ever marry anyone, and especially not her. And here's why: firstly, I know that although he rarely talks about his deceased wife, the sadness of this loss is too deeply rooted in his heart for him to ever decide to give her a successor and stepmother to our little angel. Secondly, because, as far as I know, this girl is not from the category of women that Prince Andrei might like. I do not think that Prince Andrei would choose her as his wife, and I will frankly say: I do not want this. But I chatted, I'm finishing my second sheet. Farewell, my dear friend; may God keep you under His holy and mighty cover. My dear friend, mademoiselle Bourienne, kisses you.

“I arrived in Tula at the beginning of July 1941,” writes Anatoly Gorshkov in his memoirs. - It was a beautiful sunny day. Walking through the city, I admired the beauty of its streets. The appearance of Tula did not speak in any way about the tension with which the workers and employees worked. However, another burst of machine-gun fire that disturbed the peace of the night testified to the birth of a formidable weapon, so necessary for the front, for victory.

Let's leave the phrase "admiring the beauty of the streets" in relation to a provincial town on the conscience of the lithographer of the text of memoirs. But this does not change the essence of the matter. Gorshkov had an enormous job ahead of him.

After all, the destruction battalions, whose activities he was supposed to organize, were engaged not only in military operations.

Under their protection, the evacuation of grain and livestock took place. For example, from the Gorbachevo station, despite daily air raids, fighter squads sent 1,200,000 poods of grain to the rear.

Fighter battalion of the weapons factory.

On October 23, 1941, the City Defense Committee decided to form the Tula Workers' Regiment, with Gorshkov appointed commander. He was given only four days to form.

“The entire composition of the regiment by the beginning of the battles for Tula was about 1000 people,” recalled A.P. Gorshkov. “There were no personnel commanders in the regiment, so the fighters of the fighter battalions, who had already mastered at least the basics of military practice, were appointed commanders of the units.” In other memoirs, Anatoly Petrovich spoke even more directly: "The contingent of the regiment is somewhat unusual."

Tula gunsmiths.

The commander of the second battalion of the working regiment, V.N. Yurushkin, spoke in more detail about this unusualness in his memoirs.

“We came to the mechanical institute. There is a captain. Gorshkov, having lined us up, announced that we were a working regiment, and that we were ordered to take up a line of defense on the southern outskirts of the city. And then it turned out that about 20 people from my platoon had never served in the army, they didn’t know rifles, and some were simply afraid to take them. Here the very approach to the formation of the regiment affected. They gave the headquarters everything that they did not need. For example, they gave Leonardov, the son of a priest, Kuznetsov, a morally unstable person who shied away from everything in air defense, Seleznev, a simulator, and so on. And what was strange for us was that only two people were given communists, and the rest were left under their wing.”

By decree of the State Defense Committee, all soldiers and commanders kept their previous salary at their main place of work for two months. That is, this formation itself was initially viewed as a forced, but temporary measure.

“In the working regiment, the rifles were outdated, did not work, most of them were broken. The guns were recruited bad. All this had to be passed through its repair, debugged, shot, ”recalled Kuzmin, deputy head of the range of the cartridge factory.

Production of Molotov cocktails.

“The approaches to Tula defended with their breasts”

V. N. Yurushkin told about how the battles took place in the first days of the defense. On a copy of his memoirs there is a confirming signature of Gorshkov himself. Pioneer Park is the current park of the Arms Plant on Krasny Perekop.

“At about 8 o’clock in the morning, tanks began shelling the village from the brick factory. I managed to count 26 tanks, but the comrades say that there were about 45. The fire was hurricane - artillery, mortar. Machine gunners followed the tanks. Our regiment accepted the battle with tanks, having no artillery, and machine guns worked with sin in half. Only courage, love for the motherland, for Comrade Stalin, unparalleled heroism led the comrades. And the regiment only when the tanks came close to the trenches, firing back, began to retreat to Pioneer Park and the cemetery.

The bad thing is that until the very evening we did not hear the artillery fire of our artillery, otherwise the Germans would not have been in the village.

So, we went to the night in the 7th school. Early in the morning of October 31, we occupied the line of defense in Pioneer Park and under the cemetery. And here we missed a lot. So from our battery of 380 people only 68 people remained.

Construction of defensive structures.

Where are the others? And only much later, being wounded, my comrades who returned from the encirclement told me that there were few captured, there were also few killed, which means that many simply fled to their homes. Some comrades, due to the circumstances of the battle, were forced to remain in captivity, their German soldiers were searched, sent to a brick factory, and from there those who did not want to fall into bondage left at night, and after 4-6 days returned to Tula by roundabout ways.

On November 2, in the morning, we were handed over to the military unit located near the OTU and we had to go on the attack after the tanks, but for some reason the tanks were not.
The Nazis groped for our location and began shelling with mortars. About 80 people were injured during the day, two of them died.

Around 5 p.m. on November 2, I was wounded by fragments of a mortar in the face and back, and from that date I left the working regiment.

If our regiment had been organized earlier, then, having trained, the regiment would not have had such losses. And yet, despite this, the fighters of the workers' regiment defended the approaches to Tula with their breasts.

Anatoly Gorshkov.

“... In the process of fighting, our soldiers and commanders were enriched with experience,” Gorshkov recalled. - We have learned how to skillfully build defenses in settlements, to adapt various residential buildings for this. We have designed a new form of trench for a single soldier, guaranteeing him complete safety from being hit by enemy mines and maintaining all the necessary conditions for firing.

On November 6, the City Defense Committee decided to award the regiment with the Red Banner for bravery and courage. It was handed over in the basement of an unfinished two-story building on November 8 at a rally that took place on the front line of defense, 300 meters from the enemy.

Bryansk partisans

Going on the offensive, the Tula workers' regiment liberated Kaluga. In March 1942, it was renamed the 766th Infantry Regiment of the 217th Infantry Division. Came to Koenigsberg. In August 1945, in the city of Instenburg (now Chernyakhovsk), it was disbanded. However, the regiment had a different commander for a long time. On November 25, 1941, A.P. Gorshkov returned to the regional department of the NKVD, where he organized and transferred partisan detachments and reconnaissance and sabotage groups behind enemy lines. In early 1942, he was appointed to the post of deputy chief of staff of the partisan movement of the Bryansk Front. He flew behind enemy lines to lead major operations of the Bryansk partisans.

From the memoirs of A.P. Gorshkov:
“Despite the fact that I moved to Yelets, where I had the honor of directing the activities of the headquarters of the partisan movement of the Bryansk Front, I did not stop communicating with my Tula comrades. After all, I always considered myself a Tula, since the school of combat activity that I went through in the battles for Tula was very useful to me in life. An event of great importance in the life of the partisan region, located in the Bryansk forests, was the construction of an airfield. And on this airfield, among the first, the Tula partisan detachment named after Dzerzhinsky was landed. By this time, the Germans, concerned about the situation on the Gomel-Bryansk railway, undertook a punitive expedition against the Bryansk partisans, and the Dzerzhinsky detachment immediately became a participant in intense battles with the punishers.

In 1944, Major General A.P. Gorshkov, having extensive experience in guerrilla warfare, was appointed deputy head of the Soviet military mission in Yugoslavia, which provided significant assistance to the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia.

After the war, Gorshkov worked in the construction organizations of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, and often visited Tula. In 1966 he was awarded the title "Honorary Citizen of the City of Tula", and in September 1968 - "Honorary Citizen of the City of Bryansk". Died in 1985.

In 2001, a memorial plaque to the commander of the Tula workers' regiment Anatoly Gorshkov was installed on the building of the FSB in the Tula region. At the same time, the leadership of the FSB in the Tula region came out with a petition to award A.P. Gorshkov the title of “Hero of the Russian Federation”. But the merits of Anatoly Petrovich to the Motherland were only now appreciated.

A street stand after Tula was awarded the title of Hero City.

From the memoirs of A.P. Gorshkov.

“Exceptional patriotism was shown by the family of my namesakes Gorshkov from the city of Efremov. I learned about this family in December 1941, shortly after Yefremov's release.
During the days of the occupation, there is a Russian family: Fedor Ivanovich and Lyubov Vasilievna Gorshkov, who, risking their lives, look for wounded soldiers and commanders, hide them, care for them, and feed them.
For 22 days, Efremov was at the mercy of the Germans, and all these days, two or three times, and sometimes more, the Gorshkovs went to the wounded, carried food. But the wounded were neither many nor few - 54 people. They need to prepare food for them. Fedor Ivanovich and Lyubov Vasilievna involved their children in this business: Volodya and Slava. They carried food, water, fuel and did everything with the strictest secrecy. And when it was difficult to get food, F.I. Gorshkov slaughtered the only cow.”

The other day on the channel "Russia24" showed a wonderful film "Forgotten feats do not happen." It's just about Tula, about the Commander.

NO ONE IS FORGOTTEN, NOTHING IS FORGOTTEN!

Tula residents are proud that their hometown bears the title of Hero City, that it was the first city that German troops could not take in 1941, but they are poorly versed in the history of defense and, at best, remember the Tula workers' regiment.

The question arises - why is the role of the NKVD officers in the defense of Tula sometimes mentioned in passing? There is an answer to this question as well. After the death of I.V. Stalin, the exposure of his personality cult, the execution of L.P. Beria, the subsequent Khrushchev persecution of the NKVD as a whole did not make it possible to tell truthfully about the exploits of the Chekist soldiers through the press. Officials from the press, especially in the localities, trying to play it safe and keep up with new trends, did not allow everything to be printed where the abbreviation "NKVD" was mentioned. For them, everyone was equal: Yezhov's executioners, and scouts, who hourly risked their lives behind enemy lines, and fighters of the NKVD troops, covering the fronts broken by the enemy, as was the case not only in Tula, but also in Stalingrad. With renewed vigor, this continued in the Gorbachev-Yeltsin era until recently, which is confirmed by a large number of films, literary and other works, which negatively reflect the 74-year Soviet period of our history and the mentality of the Soviet people. And about what was written, shown and said about the NKVD and the KGB, and there is nothing to say.

This explains the fact that A.P. Gorshkov’s memoirs about the Tula Workers’ Regiment, about the creation of fighter battalions by the NKVD came out shortly before his death in 1985 and in places resemble the confession of a man who did it too late, although through no control of him reasons.

It is unfortunate that some officials, having a vague idea of the history of the defense of Tula, are replicating their own and other people's misconceptions in various ways.

I want to give one piece of advice: without the memories of the defense of Tula by the Chairman of the City Defense Committee V. G. Zhavoronkov and the first commander of the Tula Workers’ Regiment, Captain of the NKVD A. P. Gorshkov, any “works” on this topic lose their meaning, disorient readers and “pour water” on the mill of "rewriters" of the history of the Russian state.

For many years, veterans and employees of the Tula Directorate of the FSB fought for the restoration of historical justice. Their struggle was crowned with success. In the Kremlin Square on May 7, 2015, in the year of the 70th anniversary of the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War, a monument was unveiled and an Eternal Flame was lit in honor of security officials, partisans, fighters of reconnaissance groups and fighter battalions who took part in the defense of Tula in autumn and winter 1941. One of the figures of the monument was made from the portrait of A.P. Gorshkov.

The idea to republish the book of memoirs by A.P. Gorshkov “Ordered: to stand! Notes of the commander of the Tula workers' regiment" appeared during the preparation for the publication of the book "Winners", dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the defeat of the German troops near Moscow and Tula. It was supported by the governor of the Tula region A. G. Dyumin, thanks to whose efforts A. P. Gorshkov was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation for the courage and heroism shown in the defense of the city of Tula from Nazi invaders during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

Paying tribute to the team of authors who helped A.P. Gorshkov in creating the book, the graphics and imprint of the first edition of 1985 were completely preserved during its reprint. I hope that this book will become a manual on the patriotic education of the younger generation.

Honorary Citizen of the Hero City of Tula and the Tula Region, Major General V.P. Lebedev

This book is the first and, perhaps, the only one in my life. I am not a writer, but a professional military man, and my business was the defense of the Motherland. The war found me in Moscow, in Main management border troops, where I then served. AT July forty-first year was appointed to the NKVD Directorate for the Tula region. He headed the department that organized and led the fighter battalions, partisan detachments, sabotage and reconnaissance work in the rear enemy.

On October 23, 1941, by a resolution of the Tula City Defense Committee, he was approved by the commander a working regiment formed in an incredibly short time - in four days. He became one of those few units that were the first to take on the blow of Guderian's tanks. My story is about the destruction battalions, about the Tula workers' regiment. About the people who became its backbone, about the working class of Tula, about the strength of the party leadership in the defense of the city, about those nameless heroes who laid down their heads at the walls of their home, not letting the enemy go further, to Moscow. About the Red Army, with the soldiers of which we stood shoulder to shoulder in the hard times of Hitler's invasion.

AT shelf not was conducted archive, and many heroic pages oborous Tula only in our memory – witnesses and participants those terrible events of the forty-first year. Where whatever then fate threw me - on the bryansk front, where was deputy chief of staff of the partisan movement, in Belarus in Yugoslavia, where was sent deputy chief military mission, on the peaceful construction sites, where had to work after victory, - all these years I felt duty before worker warriors shelf, before feat, which the they have done. That's why and decided to write book, tell in her, how fought how survived how they won Tula. Not all kept memory, about reminded a lot to me letters and meetings With veterans Tula working shelf. I bring deep gratitude BUT. AT. Kalinovsky, BUT. BUT. Eliseev, N. AND. Zhurilo, BUT. T. Alekseev, B. M. Sosonkin, P.D. Shishkin, S.I. Marukhin, E. N. Panshina, AND. D. Vasiliev, BUT. BUT. Teemofeev, G. BUT. Chepurny, mine big hillside friends and many others who helped in work above book.

– I am sincerely grateful to the journalist Vasily Mikhailovich Karpiy, who not only made a literary record my memories but and did a lot of research work with me to restore the chronology of the events of the forty-first year, to search for people who created the immortal glory of the regiment.

This book is a memory of terrible events, of Tula people, the love for which I will carry through my whole life.

... I still remember the touch of the stethoscope on my chest and the conclusion of the old doctor, who, knocking out a fraction with his fingers on my back, said:

- Everyone will envy your health. Where do you want? What kind of troops?

“He wants to go through that door,” the military commissar did not let me answer and pointed to the far end of the corridor. - Number seventeen. We've been eyeing this guy for a long time...

Frankly, I did not understand the last remark of the military commissar. Went. Three of my peers were sitting on chairs by the door. What awaited us behind this mysterious door, we did not know, and those who left the room smiled enigmatically and vaguely.

- Gorshkov Anatoly Petrovich? - a young tanned man, sitting at the table, carefully looked at me.

"That's right," I answered formally.

- Tell us about yourself.

What could I say? He spent his childhood in the village, with his grandmother. Our hut stood on a hillock near the Moskva River, on the outskirts of the village of Novo-Pokrov, Gzhatsk district, Smolensk region. By the age of nine, I already knew how to do a lot: the village peasants willingly shared with me the secrets of work. He carried manure to the fields, harrowed the earth, reaped rye with a sickle, pulled flax ... Grandmother was a bean, she did not have her own land, she worked for the landowner Epishkina. She married a shepherd. Life was difficult, and my grandfather had to go to work in Moscow. They took him as a sexual in a tavern. When the children grew up - my mother and uncle Mikhail, took them to Moscow to attach them to the case.

Biography

early years

Born May 9, 1908 in Moscow in a working class family. Graduated from school and textile school. He worked as an apprentice engraver at the Moscow cotton mill Trekhgornaya Manufactory, then as director of the House of Culture.

In 1930 he was called up for military service and sent to the border troops of the NKVD in the Far East. Member of the CPSU (b) / CPSU since 1930. He went from an ordinary border guard to a commander at border outposts, commandant's offices and detachments. He guarded the Far Eastern borders, then served on the Romanian and Polish borders. He graduated from the border school and the Higher Border School of the NKVD. Since 1938, he was sent to the Office of the Border Troops in Kyiv, then he was assigned to Moscow, to the Main Directorate of the Border Troops.

During the Great Patriotic War

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Captain A.P. Gorshkov was appointed head of the 4th department in the NKVD Directorate for the Tula Region. His tasks included the organization of partisan detachments, reconnaissance and sabotage groups and destruction battalions. In total, 19 destroyer battalions were created in Tula. The extermination battalions included proven communists, Komsomol members and Soviet activists capable of wielding weapons.

The situation in the Tula direction became much more complicated when, on October 3, 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied the city of Orel. Units and formations of the 1st Special Guards Rifle Corps arrived in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Mtsensk, which launched battles with the advancing German troops on the border of the Oryol and Tula regions. At the same time, to protect the rear and evacuate livestock and grain from areas adjacent to the battlefields, destruction battalions and units of the NKVD troops were sent from Tula, led by Captain A.P. Gorshkov.

On October 23, 1941, the city defense committee decided to form the Tula workers' regiment of 1,500 people, uniting five battalions. The regiment was headed by the head of the 4th department of the NKVD Directorate of the Tula region, captain of state security A.P. Gorshkov. The regimental commissar is Grigory Ageev. In four days he formed a regiment and commanded it almost all the days of the defense of the city of Tula.

From the personal file of Gorshkov: “Not being sufficiently trained and put together, the worker regiment under the command of Comrade. Gorshkov took upon himself the first blows of Guderian's tank columns and the Great Germany Regiment and subsequently steadfastly held the lines on the outskirts of Tula. Regiment comrade. Gorshkov led in especially difficult conditions, because due to the lack of command staff there was no headquarters, means of communication, and during the first five days there was no regiment commissar. He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (January 31, 1942). He left detailed memories of the fighting of the Tula workers' regiment these days in his memoirs "Ordered: to stand!" (1985).

External images
	The commander of the united partisan brigades of the Bryansk Front A.P. Gorshkov and the commissar Hero of the Soviet Union M.I. Duka, June 1943 ..
	Command of the Southern Operational Group, August 1943.

It is unfortunate that some officials, having a vague idea of the history of the defense of Tula, are replicating their own and other people's misconceptions in various ways.

Honorary Citizen of the Hero City of Tula and the Tula Region, Major General V.P. Lebedev

This book is the first and, perhaps, the only one in my life. I am not a writer, but a professional military man, and my business was the defense of the Motherland. The war found me in Moscow, inMainmanagement border troops, where I then served. AT July forty-first year was appointed to the NKVD Directorate for the Tula region. He headed the department that organized and led the fighter battalions, partisan detachments, sabotage and reconnaissance work in the rear enemy.

AT shelf not was conducted archive, and many heroic pages oborousTulaonlyinour memory– witnessesandparticipantsthoseterrible events of the forty-first year. Wherewhateverthen fate threw me- on thebryansk front,wherewas deputy chief of staff of the partisanmovement,inBelarusinYugoslavia, wherewas sentdeputy chief military mission, on the peaceful construction sites, where had to work after victory, - all these years I felt duty before worker warriors shelf, before feat, which the they have done. That's whyanddecided to writebook, tellinher,howfoughthowsurvived how they won Tula. Not all kept memory,aboutreminded a lotto melettersand meetings With veterans Tula working shelf. I bring deep gratitude BUT. AT. Kalinovsky, BUT. BUT. Eliseev,N. AND. Zhurilo, BUT. T. Alekseev, B. M. Sosonkin,P.D.Shishkin,S.I.Marukhin,E. N. Panshina, AND. D. Vasiliev, BUT. BUT. Teemofeev, G. BUT. Chepurny, mine bighillside friendsandmanyotherswho helped in work above book.

This book is a memory of terrible events, of Tula people, the love for which I will carry through my whole life.

... I still remember the touch of the stethoscope on my chest and the conclusion of the old doctor, who, knocking out a fraction with his fingers on my back, said:

- Everyone will envy your health. Where do you want? What kind of troops?

“He wants to go through that door,” the military commissar did not let me answer and pointed to the far end of the corridor. - Number seventeen. We've been eyeing this guy for a long time...