In addition to the main disciplines, schoolchildren can take additional ones, which they choose independently, and the results of which will be necessary for them for further admission. Social studies is one of these subjects.

In 2018, the social studies exam will not change structurally; the block with the test part will still be excluded.

The number of retake attempts has been increased to 3. This option is suitable for those students who have not achieved the passing number of points or are not satisfied with the exam results. This change is due to the need to create a more acceptable psychological atmosphere.

An important change in the project will be that now schoolchildren will speak more during the exam rather than write. A similar innovation will affect the humanities, in particular social studies. Time to take social studies test will be 235 minutes.

Very important changes await students regarding violations during the Unified State Examination. If the examinee is found to have things that are not allowed in the exam, then he gets the opportunity to retake it only the next year.

As for violations by teachers, a fine of from 20 to 40 thousand rubles.

In general, social studies is a fairly popular subject among graduates, since it is what is required in a number of prestigious universities.

Structure of Unified State Exam 2019 tasks in social studies

Structure of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies 2019 will be presented in two types of thematic tasks. The types differ in complexity and type of answers. A general description of the task structure is given below:

1. The first category includes questions that require one-word answers.
2. The second includes questions that require a detailed answer.
3. The last task is an essay on one of the proposed topics.

Essay in the Unified State Exam in Social Studies 2019

The most difficult task in the Unified State Exam in social studies is considered to be an essay. For correct completion of this task, the student can receive from three to five points. The most important thing when completing this task is to correctly structure the content of the text, and also try to avoid typical mistakes.

When writing this task, it is important to reveal the meaning of the selected statement. If the meaning is not revealed or is revealed incorrectly, then the answer is already assessed at zero points.

It is very important to provide the right arguments to support your arguments. If the student supported his arguments with actual examples, then he will definitely receive a good score for completing the task.

In order to cope with such a task, you need to remember essay plan:

1. The selected quote is provided.
2. The problem voiced by the author is determined and its relevance is justified.
3. The meaning of the quote is revealed.
4. Voice your own point of view.
5. Arguments of a theoretical nature are presented.
6. Theoretical arguments are supported by practical examples.
7. A conclusion is drawn up.

If you strictly adhere to such a plan, then all the requirements for writing an essay will be met and the grade for the essay will be high.

Categories of those taking the Unified State Exam in social studies

Some citizens cannot take the Unified State Exam. This is stipulated by Rosobrnadzor. The following persons are allowed to take the test:

1. Those who took the Unified State Exam in previous years, however, did not receive the required result.
2. Students who want to improve their results.
3. Schoolchildren who failed the test or earned a negative grade in a number of disciplines.

How to become a participant in the Unified State Exam 2019?

To get to the Unified State Exam, you will need to make an application at the place where the test is organized. The application contains a list of disciplines in which the exam will be held. Such documents can be submitted to the school reception office, to the municipal authority of the education where the Unified State Exam will be held, to the admissions committees of universities.

The deadline for submitting an application for children who want to pass the Unified State Exam early is: until February 1, and for those students who want to take the exam later – until December 1.

Early completion of the Unified State Examination in social studies in 2019

In social studies, it is necessary for those students who cannot pass the test in a timely manner. There are various reasons, ranging from conscription into the army, the Olympics and even ordinary relocation.

In such a situation, the exam is taken ahead of schedule and the undoubted advantage is that the student will not miss the established deadlines, will be able to pass the Unified State Exam and then submit documents to the university. The early Unified State Exam also has disadvantages. It is very difficult to prepare for the exam without interrupting your studies. Naturally, hasty preparation will not bring good results.

Additional information about the Unified State Exam 2019

You are allowed to bring a gel or capillary black pen and a passport to the Unified State Examination in Social Studies. The order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation outlines a list of subjects and aids that are allowed to be used on the Unified State Exam. In social studies, it is not allowed to use reference books, manuals, and collections.

According to this order, you cannot bring cell phones, tablets, or other electronic computing devices to social studies. It is prohibited to use methodological and reference aids that are not permitted during the exam.

If a student brings something similar to the Unified State Exam or commits actions that can be qualified as an attempt to cheat, he will be removed from the exam and a note about this will be made on the Unified State Exam answer form. A student will only be allowed to retake in a year.

The passing grade in social studies in 2017 was 42 points, there are no plans to change it in 2018. A point conversion scale is used for calculation.

If the exam rules are violated by the organizers, for example, less time is provided, then the examinee has the right to file an appeal. A complaint for this reason must be filed on the same day, after leaving the classroom.

Also, a similar right arises when the examinee does not agree with the total amount of points he earned. In such cases, the protest is filed within two working days from the moment of familiarization with the results of the Unified State Exam. You can also challenge the results if a technical failure occurred during the Unified State Examination examination.

If there were no violations on the part of the applicant, the organizers give the student the opportunity to retake the exam. If there were any violations, the student will be denied the complaint.

After the results are calculated and verified, the graduate receives a certificate of the established form, which indicates the results in all subjects, with the exception of those for which a sufficient number of points were not scored.

This certificate is required when submitting documents to universities and is valid for 4 years.

How to prepare for the 2019 Unified State Exam in social studies

To pass the Unified State Exam well, of course, you need to prepare. The preparation specification may vary. You can take online practice tests on the subject. It will also help a lot in preparation. demo version of the FIPI Unified State Exam in social studies 2019. And some will use regular textbooks.

Such benefits include the following:

If a student uses online tests to prepare for the Unified State Exam in social studies, then he can easily pass them using a computer and the Internet. The advantage of such preparation is that there is no need to attend any additional classes or lectures, just go to the official website and take the exam online. This type of preparation also has disadvantages; the student will not know the theory, but only single answers, which is unlikely to allow him to write an essay.

You can also use a service such as demo version of the Unified State Exam in social studies 2019. These are materials from previous exams posted on the FIPI website.

A very good way to prepare is to use demonstration materials. KIM Codifier Based on such materials, the same one was used that was used to compile the main tasks for the Unified State Exam. The use of such materials will help students become familiar with the procedure for passing the Unified State Exam, the basic rules, and also form a list of topics that need additional preparation.

It is very important for both children and their parents to remember that there is no need to be afraid of taking the Unified State Exam. To avoid unnecessary psychological stress and trauma, the teenager himself needs to correctly set goals and maintain a healthy diet and sleep, and parents try to create that comfortable microclimate that a teenager needs so much in a stressful situation, which, in essence, is the Unified State Exam.

Statistics for passing the Unified State Exam in social studies for past years

The share of participants who did not receive the minimum score in 2018 decreased by 3.8% compared to the previous year and amounted to 13.8%. The number of students who received the maximum score is up to 142, in 2016 there were only 59.

Exam Schedule

The early stage of passing the Unified State Exam in social studies in 2019 is being specified.

The main stage of passing the Unified State Exam in social studies in 2019 is being specified.

Secondary general education

Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social Studies (10-11)

Social science

Unified State Exam in Social Studies: reviewing assignments with the teacher

My students, graduates of 2017, who successfully passed the Unified State Exam in social studies, claim that the recommendation to read the entire text of the work before starting assignments has a good effect when completing the work. When reading the work, emotional stress is relieved, brain activity is directed to analyzing the materials, and the graduate is involved in productive cognitive activity, leading to high scores for completing the work.

As materials for work, we use the version of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies 2017 (early period), published by FIPI in the spring of 2017.

Part 1

Task No. 1

Write down the word missing in the table.

Factors of production and factor income

When completing task No. 1, you need to carefully look at the title of the table. In our case, the table is called “Factors of production and factor income.” One of the factors of production is indicated: entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial abilities) and its factor income is indicated: profit. Knowledge of the main factors of production: land, labor, capital (physical and monetary), entrepreneurial abilities of information is inextricably linked with knowledge of factor income as income that the owner receives from the use or application of factors of production. Labor - wages, land - rent, capital - interest, entrepreneurial abilities, information - profit. The table shows factor income - rent, which means that in the first column we can safely enter such a factor of production as Earth. The correct answer is earth. When preparing, it is important for the student to know the complete characteristics of all factors of production.

Task No. 2

In the row below, find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts presented. Write it down word (phrase).

State form, form of government, unitary state, federation, republic.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task No. 2, it is always necessary to clearly define the generic concept (in the question it sounds like a generalizing concept). Our version presents: the form of the state, how device political organization of society (it is important to remember that this is also a certain set of characteristics by which we determine the method of organization and structure of the state); form of government, which is determined by the composition of the highest bodies of state power and the order of their formation, as well as by their interaction with the population of the state; a unitary state, which refers to one of the forms of state-territorial structure, like a federation; A republic is one of the forms of government. I always strongly recommend that my students, in a rough draft, immediately when they begin completing assignments related to the topic “Politics,” draw a diagram:

This is important because a typical mistake that graduates make when conducting test exams is associated with mixing concepts. And when the diagram is before your eyes, it will be more difficult to make a mistake.

Accordingly, based on the diagram, it becomes clear that the generic (generalizing concept for all others here will be the form of the state, i.e. its versatile characteristics presented in the answer options. The remaining concepts reflect these or other elements. For example, the form of government is given as part forms of state and republic, as one of the types of government.

Correct answer: form of state.

Task No. 3

Below is a list of characteristics. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the elite culture.

1. complexity of the forms used;
2. the desire of the authors to implement their own ideas;
3. entertaining character;
4. strongly commercial orientation;
5. spiritual aristocracy;
6. Requires special training to understand.

Find two characteristics that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

When completing task No. 3, pay attention to the concept in question. In this case, this is “elite culture” and we are asked about the characteristics of this concept. Elite culture is discussed in the topic “The spiritual sphere of social life.” The generic concept is “Culture”. In our case, the question is in the plane of varieties of culture (material, spiritual; folk, mass, elite). The task presents the features of elite culture: the complexity of the forms used, the authors’ desire to embody their own ideas, spiritual aristocracy, the requirement of special training for understanding. Well, really, are we all ready to perceive Schnittke’s musical works and analyze Kafka’s highly intellectual literary works? What can you say about Rodin's sculptures? It is clear that this culture is designed for a narrow circle of consumers prepared to perceive complex works. Elite culture does not seek commercial gain; self-expression and the search for new forms in art are important for authors.

Two characteristics that remain outside our attention: entertaining nature and a pronounced commercial orientation are the most important characteristics of mass culture. Therefore, in this case we will mark them as correct. Because in the task we are asked to remove unnecessary characteristics.

Task No. 4

Choose the correct judgments about society and social institutions and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Society is a constantly developing dynamic system.
2. Social progress is characterized by degradation, a return to outdated structures and relationships.
3. In a broad sense, society is understood as a part of the world separated from nature, but connected with it, including ways of interaction and forms of unification of people.
4. Social institutions perform the function of human socialization.
5. Society is a closed system that does not interact with the external environment.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task No. 4 we must discover judgments about society and public institutions. Here you cannot do without knowledge of the concepts: “society” in the broad and narrow senses; society as a system; “social institution”, as a historically established stable form of organizing joint activities of people, and knowledge of the types of social institutions in the main spheres of social life.

The first judgment characterizes society as a dynamic developing system - this judgment is correct, since it is an axiom in the course of social science.

The second judgment is incorrect, since progress, which is one of the directions of social development, is characterized by the development of society from lower to higher. And the judgment indicates: degradation, a return to already outdated structures and relationships, which are qualitative characteristics of another direction of social development - regression.

The third judgment almost completely reproduces the concept of “society” in a broad sense, and therefore is correct. What is missing there is “consisting of individuals with consciousness and will.”

The fourth proposition is correct. During socialization, a person learns the experience of previous generations. We know that social institutions establish certain patterns of behavior for people. This is best confirmed by such a social institution as the family, which belongs to the social subsystem of society.

The fifth proposition is incorrect. Society is a dynamic, open, self-developing system. It is almost impossible to apply the concept of a “closed system” that does not interact with the external environment to society. No special evidence is needed here. It is enough to recall the concept of society in the broad sense of “a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it.”

Thus, the correct judgments will be: 1, 3, 4.

Thematic planning in social studies

Task No. 5

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types (forms) of activity: for each element given in the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

Task No. 5 relates to the topic “Activities”. Types (forms of activity) are considered: play, learning, work, communication. To complete this task, it is enough to know the characteristics of each type (form of activity). The imaginary setting is a characteristic of the game (A 4), focus on achieving a practically useful result - to work (a person creates certain objects that satisfy needs) (B 2). Focus on acquiring new knowledge and skills - to study (AT 3). And not a single type (form) of activity is complete without communication. Therefore, the remaining two characteristics: the process of establishing and developing contacts between people and the focus on information exchange reflect the essence of communication (G 1, D 1). You just need to remember that in the process of communication people exchange not only information, but also emotions, influencing each other.

Despite the apparent ease of tasks, it is important to take your time and conduct an internal dialogue with yourself. Answer the question: why the chosen answer is correct, based on knowledge of concepts.

Task No. 6

Students conducted a study of the motives for educational activities of primary schoolchildren. Find in the list below the methods they used that correspond to the empirical level of scientific knowledge. Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. description of observed phenomena
2. putting forward and justifying hypotheses
3. explanation of existing relationships
4. direct observation of individual facts and phenomena
5. fixation of generalizations in the form of laws
6. obtaining quantitative data about the object being studied

Answer: ___________________________.

In task No. 6 they ask about the empirical level of scientific knowledge and its methods. We immediately mentally turn to the generic concept - “science”, recall the structure of scientific knowledge, which includes levels: empirical and theoretical, and classify the methods related to each level. We remember that empirical methods include: observation, description, measurement, classification, systematization, i.e. with their help, it is possible to identify specific properties of the objects being studied, in contrast to the theoretical level, aimed at identifying general trends, laws, etc.

This is how we found the correct answers: 1, 4, 6

Task No. 7

Choose the correct judgments about economic systems and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Private property is the basis of a command (planned) economy.
2. In a traditional economy, the main economic issues are resolved by central government agencies.
3. The main subjects of market relations are economically independent participants in economic life.
4. The incentive for enterprises to operate in a market system is profit.
5. Signs of a market economy include free pricing.

Answer: ___________________________.

Task No. 7 aims us at knowing the characteristics of economic systems as a way of organizing the economic life of society. Knowledge of the distinctive features of traditional, command (planned) or command-administrative, market and mixed economic systems is the basic knowledge of a graduate seeking to get a high score in the exam.

So, let's try. Private property is a prerequisite for the existence of a market model of an economic system. We are told in judgment that it is a command economy. This is not true, also because in a command economy state ownership dominates, and the main issues of the economy are decided by the central authorities. This means that the second judgment is also incorrect. The third judgment is correct, since in a market economy each owner has the right to freely and independently dispose of his factors of production.

The fourth and fifth judgments are also correct, since in a market economy the freedom of economic activity of individual entities is aimed at making a profit in a competitive environment and market mechanisms determine the price.

Right answers: 3, 4, 5.

Task No. 8

Establish a correspondence between the examples and types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation (in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation): for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Task No. 8 is related to the graduate’s financial literacy, namely knowledge of the types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation. The assignment defines the levels of taxes collected: federal, regional and local. When performing this task, it is important to clearly distinguish between types of taxes by level:

Thus, in our task we again use the empirical ranking method: A 3, B 3, C 1, D 3, D 2.

Authors: Vorontsov A.V., Koroleva G.E., Naumov S.A. The textbook covers the most important topics of the social science course: economics, politics and law. In accordance with modern scientific ideas, the authors reveal the features of the operation of the market mechanism and the role of the state in the economy, the fundamentals of political science, the functioning of the state and the development of democracy, the principles of law, the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

Task No. 9

Company Y is a wedding dress sewing studio. Find in the list below examples of variable costs of firm Y in the short run and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. costs of repaying interest on a previously taken loan
2. costs for the purchase of fabrics, threads, accessories
3. costs of paying piecework wages to employees
4. rent for studio premises
5. payment for consumed electricity
6. insurance premiums

Answer: ___________________________.

Completing task No. 9 requires knowledge of the topic “Company” and its key concepts: revenue, costs and profit. The assignment should clearly state the firm's variable costs in the short run, as opposed to fixed costs.

To complete a task without error, you also need to remember that variable costs change when production volume changes.

The company's credit histories will always relate to fixed costs, so the first option is not correct. But the purchase of fabrics, threads, and accessories refers to consumables, which means they are variable costs, as are the payment of piecework wages to workers, in contrast to salaries, which are the company’s fixed costs. Rent and insurance premiums are fixed costs for any company. Here's the payment consumed electricity (depending on the volume of work of the company) will be a variable cost.

Right answers: 2, 3, 5 .

Social science. Grade 11. A basic level of. Textbook. Authors: Nikitin A.F., Gribanova G.I., Martyanov D.S. The textbook is included in the educational and methodological complex in social studies for grade 11 (basic level). Corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard for secondary (complete) general education, included in the Federal List. The textbook examines the most important issues of economics and law. The methodological apparatus of the textbook includes the headings “Thinking, comparing, drawing conclusions”, “Testing our knowledge”, “Researching, designing, discussing, arguing”.

The figure shows the change in the supply of chairs in the corresponding market: supply line S moved to a new position - S 1 . (P – price; Q – quantity.)

Which of the following factors could cause this change? Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. increase in the cost of materials for upholstery of chairs
2. increase in wages for workers at enterprises producing chairs
3. reducing the cost of materials for chair frames
4. reduction of taxes levied on furniture manufacturers
5. increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers

Answer: ___________________________.

Task number 10 requires a very careful reading of the question. It is necessary to understand what is being asked about: a change in the quantity of demand or the quantity of supply? In this case, the supply of chairs in the relevant market has changed. By observing the change in the supply curve, we can say that supply has decreased. When completing the task, you need to remember that changes in supply are affected by the cost of factors of production, technology, state tax policy, government support, price expectations, competition, etc.

Therefore, the first answer - an increase in the cost of materials for upholstering chairs will precisely contribute to a decrease in the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. An increase in wages for workers increases the cost of such a factor of production as labor, but at the same time reduces the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. The third option should lead to an increase in supply, since a decrease in the cost of raw materials leads to an increase in the supply of goods on the market (in our case, a decrease in the cost of material for the frame). The answer is not correct. Tax cuts will also increase supply. The answer is not correct. But an increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers will increase variable costs and reduce supply. So, an increase in the price of consumables, electricity tariffs, and wages for workers will force the company to either reduce production volumes or increase the cost of goods, which will lead to a decrease in supply on the market.

Right answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task No. 11

Choose the correct statements about social stratification and social mobility and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Horizontal mobility involves moving to a social group located at a different level of the social hierarchy.
2. One of the criteria for differentiating social groups is income.
3. Personal qualities of a person act as a criterion for the social stratification of modern society.
4. Sociologists distinguish between individual and collective mobility.
5. One of the criteria for the social stratification of society is the amount of power.

Answer: ___________________________.

When completing task No. 11, we proceed from knowledge of the concepts of “social stratification” and “social mobility”, criteria for social stratification, types of social mobility.

Horizontal mobility involves moving from one social group to another, located at the same level of the social ladder. Therefore, the first judgment is not correct. Differentiation (separation) of social groups in society occurs according to many criteria, one of which is income. And also the amount of power, education, prestige of the profession. The second and fifth judgments are correct, unlike the third. A person's personal qualities are not a criterion for social stratification. The fourth proposition is correct, since sociologists do distinguish between individual and collective mobility. For example, under the influence of the events of the 1917 revolution, the position of social groups shifted.

Right answers: 2, 4, 5.

During sociological surveys of adult residents of countries Z and Y, they were asked the question: “Which direction of the state’s youth policy do you consider the most important?”

The survey results (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are shown in the diagram.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. The share of those who note the importance of ensuring access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics is smaller in country Z than in country Y.
2. Equal shares of respondents in each country consider it necessary to carry out educational work.
3. In country Z, the opinion about the importance of ensuring access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics is less popular than the opinion about the importance of conducting educational work.
4. In country Y, equal shares of respondents note the creation of conditions for self-expression, self-realization of young people and carrying out educational work with them as the most important areas.
5. The share of those who consider the provision of social support most important is greater in country Z than in country Y.

Answer: ___________________________.

When completing task No. 12, you need to carefully read the terms of the sociological survey. In this case, the most important directions of the youth policy of the two countries were clarified. The chart shows data from these countries. Before reading the judgments presented, you should carefully study the diagram yourself. In each country, the leading position was taken by the answer “providing social support.” Further, in country Z, the position “conducting educational work” was in second place, and the minimum position was occupied by the judgment “ensuring access to decision-making...”. In country Y, equally minimal positions were occupied by the judgments “ensuring access to decision-making...” and “creating conditions for self-expression.” After we have independently tried to analyze statistical materials, we try to analyze judgments.

The first judgment is correct, since the chart data demonstrates this position. The second judgment is not correct, since in country Z there are more people who consider “carrying out educational work” important compared to country Y.

The third judgment is correct, and we saw this during our own analysis of the diagram.

The fourth judgment is also correct; we also determined this during the analysis of the diagram and marked these positions as minimally identical.

The fifth proposition is not correct, this is clearly visible in the diagram. The indicators indicate the opposite result.

Right answers: 1, 3, 4.

Task No. 13

Choose the correct judgments about the state and its functions and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Environmental requirements established by the state form the basis of the country's environmental security.
2. The fundamental feature of any type of state is the implementation in it of the principle of separation of powers.
3. The state has a monopoly right to legally use coercion through law enforcement and security forces.
4. The external functions of the state include determining the general direction of the state's economic policy in accordance with the achieved level of economic development.
5. The state creates a regulatory and organizational basis for the effective and high-quality activities of government bodies.

Answer: ___________________________.

When completing task No. 13, it is important to remember the concept of “state”, its main features, external and internal functions. The first judgment directs us to such a feature of the state as the exclusive right for lawmaking. Therefore, the proposition “environmental requirements established by the state ( lawmaking), form the basis of the environmental security of countries” is correct. The second judgment is not correct, because the principle of separation of powers is implemented in a democratic state, and, therefore, this feature is not fundamental for any type of state.

The third proposition, “the state has the monopoly right to legally use coercion through the forces of law enforcement and security agencies,” essentially takes us to the most important feature of the state – the monopoly legal right to coercion. The fourth judgment is erroneous, since it reflects the most important internal function of the state “determining the general direction of the state’s economic policy.” The fifth judgment combines two features of the state: lawmaking and the system of bodies and mechanisms for exercising public power (we are talking about government bodies). We read: “the state creates normative And organizational basis for efficient and high-quality activities government agencies.

Right answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task No. 14

Establish a correspondence between the issues and the subjects of state power of the Russian Federation, to whose jurisdiction these issues relate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

To correctly complete task No. 14, you must have a good knowledge of the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the functionality of all branches of government in the Russian Federation. First, you need to carefully look at which subjects of state power of the Russian Federation are indicated in the task. In our case, they are not named directly, but the levels are indicated: only the federal center and jointly the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Knowledge of the principles of the federal structure of the Russian Federation will come to the rescue. Remember that in a federation the principle of the integrity of the state, the unity of state power, and the division of powers is realized, which is what we are asked about. Previously, we saw the separation of powers when completing a task about taxes. You need to remember what is within the exclusive competence of federal bodies: all issues of international relations, defense and security, judicial system, federal property, etc.

The first competence – issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources are under joint jurisdiction A 2. Those. This is an issue on which the center and the subjects share responsibility in solving problems. Thus, it would be correct to include “implementation of measures to combat disasters” under the same position. AT 2. Federal funds for regional development implement the fundamentals of federal policy and federal programs, therefore B 1. Positions G and D fall within the exclusive competence of federal bodies, therefore G 1, D 1.

Task No. 15

In the democratic state Z, during the reform of the electoral system for parliamentary elections, a transition was made from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one.

Which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Write down the relevant numbers.

1. free and voluntary participation of citizens in elections
2. granting the right to vote to citizens over 18 years of age, regardless of nationality, gender, professional affiliation, level of education, income
3. secret voting procedure
4. voting in single-member constituencies
5. dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by a party on the number of votes
6. possibility of nominating independent non-party candidates

Answer: ___________________________.

Question No. 15 is related to the electoral process. Despite the fact that at the beginning of the question they explain to us the reform, during which there was a transition from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one. The essence of the question is not so much about the types of electoral systems and their reform, but about elections in general(topic “Political participation”). We need to remember the basic principles of elections in a democratic state: direct participation of citizens, universal, equal, direct suffrage, secret ballot, voluntary participation.

Accordingly, the first judgment is correct. The second judgment refers us to the principle of equality in suffrage, therefore it is also true. The third judgment is correct; one of the principles is also presented - secret voting.

The fourth judgment goes beyond the question: which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Voting in single-mandate constituencies takes us to the organization of the electoral process under a majoritarian system, as opposed to a proportional system, where the state acts as a single electoral district. This means that this judgment reflects a change in the electoral process. The answer is not correct in our case. The dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by a party on the number of votes also applies to the proportional electoral system, which is not true for our question. The sixth option also reflects the majoritarian electoral model.

Correct answer: 1, 2, 3 .

Task No. 16

Which of the following applies to the political rights (freedoms) of a citizen of the Russian Federation? Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. holding meetings and rallies
2. appeal to government agencies
3. payment of legally established taxes and fees
4. defense of the Fatherland
5. participation in the management of state affairs through their representatives

Answer: ___________________________.

Question No. 16 again takes us back to the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. Rights and freedoms of man and citizen. It is important to know four groups of rights and freedoms: personal (civil), political, socio-economic, cultural. Our assignment asks about political rights, which ensure the participation of citizens in the exercise of political power. Therefore, holding meetings and rallies is correct, appealing to government bodies is correct, participation in managing the affairs of the state through one’s representatives is correct. Payment of taxes and fees, protection of the Fatherland are among the constitutional responsibilities of a citizen, as well as compliance with the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation, concern for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage, care for children and disabled parents.

Right answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task No. 17

Choose the correct judgments about family law in the Russian Federation and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Family law regulates property and personal non-property relations between family members.
2. The marriage is suspended due to the civil registry office declaring one of the spouses dead.
3. Marriage takes place at the civil registry office (registry office).
4. The legal regime for the property of spouses is established only by a marriage contract.
5. Parents are required to provide maintenance for their minor children.

Answer: ___________________________.

Analyzing the materials of assignment No. 17, we highlight the basic concepts and norms related to family law. The first judgment will be correct, since it refers us to Article 2 of the Family Code. The key institution of family law is marriage concluded in the civil registry office (judgment 3), which gives rise to mutual rights and obligations of the spouses. The second judgment confuses us a little; it is known that in connection with the death of one of the spouses, the second spouse needs to come to the registry office to obtain a certificate about his death, and as a consequence of this, dissolution of marriage. Our assignment states: a marriage is suspended due to the civil registry office declaring one of the spouses dead. The answer is not correct. The fourth and fifth options take us to the property rights and responsibilities of spouses. The fifth option is correct, since the wording is at the intersection of constitutional obligations and family law norms: parents are obliged to provide maintenance to their minor children. But the fourth option is erroneous because of its wording: the legal regime of the spouses’ property is established only marriage contract. This is not true because Not only a marriage contract, and also the norms of family law, i.e. The legal regime of the spouses' property is regulated by family law and established by the marriage contract.

Right answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task No. 18

Establish a correspondence between the examples and measures of legal liability in the Russian Federation: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Task No. 18 relates to legal liability. When completing the task, it is important to remember the types of legal liability: criminal, administrative, civil and disciplinary. A reprimand is a disciplinary sanction - A 2. A warning refers to a type of administrative penalty - B 3. Dismissal on appropriate grounds (for example, absenteeism, a single gross violation of labor duties, repeated failure by an employee to fulfill labor duties, etc.) – AT 2. Remark – disciplinary action, G 2. Imprisonment - criminal liability for committing a crime - D 1.

Task No. 19

Joint Stock Company "Sweet Charm" produces confectionery products. Find in the list the features that distinguish a joint stock company from other organizational and legal forms of enterprises. Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

• division of the company's authorized capital into equal parts, each of which is issued by a security
• mandatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees
• obligation of employees to comply with labor discipline
• distribution of profits between employees in accordance with their labor participation
• bearing the risk of losses within the value of the securities owned by the participant
• payment of dividends to owners at the end of the year

Answer: ___________________________.

To complete task No. 19, it is necessary to distinguish between the organizational and legal forms of enterprises. In our case, highlight the distinctive features of a joint stock company. We remember that joint stock companies, like limited liability companies, are classified as business entities. These are commercial organizations, i.e. the purpose of their activity is to make a profit. The authorized capital is divided into a certain number of shares. Participants can be citizens, legal entities and public legal entities. Therefore, answer option 1 – “dividing the authorized capital of the company into equal parts, each of which is represented by a security” will be correct. It is known that shareholders are not liable for the obligations of a joint-stock company, but bear the risk of losses from the company’s activities within the limits of the value of their shares. Therefore, option 5 – “bearing the risk of losses within the value of the securities owned by the participant” (share – security) will be correct, as well as answer 6 – “payment of dividends to the owners at the end of the year.” Judgments 2 and 3 – “mandatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees”, “obligation of employees to observe labor discipline” refer to general provisions of Labor Law. But “distribution of profits among workers in accordance with their labor participation” is a characteristic of such an organizational and legal form of an enterprise as a “production cooperative” (artel).

Right answers: 1, 5, 6 .

Task No. 20

Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“A person who actively masters and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is _________(A). This is a person with his own socially formed and individually expressed qualities: _________ (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people _________ (B), learns and changes the world and himself. The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process of _________ (D).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social connections, a person’s relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized by _________(D) to develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all influences of social life, to all experience. This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, and bears _________ (E) for his choice.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one once.

Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:

1. activity
2. intellectual
3. duty
4. everyday
5. responsibility
6. socialization
7. personality
8. pursuit
9. communication

The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.

When completing task No. 20, I recommend that you first try to read the text and independently substitute words that, in your opinion, are suitable in meaning. This is how a semantic understanding of the content of the text is achieved. And when you read it again, select words from those on the list. You will have a situation of success when the words you selected coincide with those proposed from the list. So, we try to read, inserting words that are close in meaning, then select from those available in the task.

“A person who actively masters and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is personality (A)(personality is a set of socially significant properties and qualities of a person. Where a personality is formed - in society. What a personality does is transform the world and himself). This is a person with his own socially formed and individually expressed qualities: intellectual (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. (in this case, socially significant qualities are listed). Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people, activities (B) cognizes and changes the world and himself (one of the definitions of activity is the conscious activity of a person, through which a person changes the world around him and changes himself; the process of human interaction with the world around him). The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process socialization (G).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social connections, a person’s relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized desire (D) develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all the influences of social life, all experiences (again explained through the process of socialization, which lasts throughout a person’s life). This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, carries responsibility (E) for your choice (freedom and responsibility in human life).”

Part 2

Read the text and complete tasks 21–24.

In a broad sense, underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the individual’s qualifications and professional training, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the salary that he could have had performing that work (and in that volume) , which I could claim...

Cyclical unemployment is associated with fluctuations in labor demand. A recession is a cyclical decline in business activity that causes people to lose their jobs until demand picks up again and business activity picks up. Seasonal unemployment occurs due to seasonal fluctuations in the demand for labor. It affects those involved in fishing, construction and agriculture. Those who change jobs and those who are not currently employed due to moving from one place to another are called functional (frictional) unemployed. Functional (frictional) unemployment is considered, although inevitable, but still an acceptable consequence of a healthy economy. It can be assumed that even with full employment, wage earners will move from place to place.

The structurally unemployed experience difficulties in obtaining work due to insufficient or becoming insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. Even during periods of high employment levels, unemployment remains disproportionately high among the structurally unemployed.

Unemployment is not just a lack of work... Although unemployment can be a creative, will-mobilizing experience, most people who go through it report experiencing despair, powerlessness and confusion, especially if they have been out of work for longer than a few weeks. For most people, hired work is the main, and often the only, means of meeting their material needs for food, clothing, and a roof over their heads. Research shows that those who do not like their jobs still prefer to keep it even when given the opportunity to live on other incomes. Although working conditions can cause adverse consequences, lack of work leads to no less problems: increased stress, family conflicts, and addiction to alcohol and drugs.

(K.H. Brier)

When starting to complete tasks on texts 21-24, you should initially read the text very carefully and highlight the main semantic fragments of the text. Work through the text with a pen to ensure maximum absorption of the content. I do not recommend that my students immediately read the question and randomly, during a quick reading, look for answers. Typically, this practice leads to incorrect answers and lower scores on the exam.

Task No. 21

How does the text indicate the effect of a recession on cyclical unemployment? What sectors of the economy, according to the author, are affected by seasonal unemployment? (Indicate all industries mentioned in the text.) How does the author explain the inevitability of functional (frictional) unemployment?

Answer: “A recession is a cyclical decline in business activity that causes people to lose their jobs until demand picks up again and business activity picks up.” Those. labor demand fluctuates.

Task No. 22

It is also better to complete task No. 22 in parts.

Answer: “underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the individual’s qualifications and professional training, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the salary that he could have had performing that work (and in that volume) , which I could claim..."

Hypothesize why some workers accept underemployment (make two hypotheses). When completing this assignment, I recommend that students write each guess on a new line.

In our case, we can model the answer using the text. We do not provide examples because this is not specified in the assignment.

Answer: workers agree to part-time work because it is important for a person to feel significant and needed. Even part-time work gives a person a sense of stability, relieves social tension, and gives the opportunity to participate in public life.

Workers agree to part-time work because in a crisis, even such work can be the only source of income for their families, protection from social upheavals, and allows them to maintain their way of life.

Task No. 23

The author notes that “even during periods of high employment levels, disproportionately high unemployment remains among the structurally unemployed.” Using social science knowledge, explain the reason for this level of unemployment among these categories of citizens. Name any two measures to prevent discrimination against the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The author tells us the reasons for high unemployment among the structural unemployed: insufficient or insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. But the task also requires the use of social science knowledge. We recall that from the social studies course we know that structural unemployment is associated with the inability to employ people in certain professions and the discrepancy between supply and demand in the labor market.

Answer: A high level of structural unemployment, even during periods of high employment in the country, is usually associated with changes in production technologies and scientific and technological progress. Those. people of certain professions are no longer in demand in the labor market (examples are not required in the task, only an explanation of the problem).

Name any two measures to prevent discrimination against the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In this case, we are asked to turn to the norms of the Labor Law of the Russian Federation, since it regulates relations in the field of hired labor.

Answer: The Labor Code of the Russian Federation contains prohibitions on discrimination:

1. citizens of the Russian Federation have equal opportunities for employees to be promoted at work, taking into account labor productivity, qualifications and work experience in their specialty, as well as for training and additional professional education;
2. Restrictions on labor rights or receipt of advantages are prohibited depending on gender, race, skin color, nationality, language, origin, property, family, social and official status, age, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership or non-membership of public associations or any social groups, as well as from other circumstances not related to the employee’s business qualities.

The guarantee of non-discrimination of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for the right of a person who considers himself discriminated against in the sphere of labor to apply to the court for the restoration of violated rights, compensation for material damage and compensation for moral damage.

Task No. 24

Why, according to the author, does unemployment cause a state of despair and confusion in a person? Using social science knowledge and facts of social life, make two assumptions about how the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested.

Using social science knowledge and facts of social life, make two assumptions about how the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested (in this case, we must give examples, because the question says “facts of social life”).

1. Unemployment provides an incentive for retraining if the profession is in little demand in the labor market. A break in employment for retraining and improving the level of education. Citizen N, after registering with the Employment Center, was sent for vocational training as an electric and gas welder.
2. Unemployment provides an opportunity for self-employment. For example, after dismissal from his main job when an enterprise in Moscow was closed, citizen N moved to the Moscow region, submitted documents to the Moscow Employment Center, where he received advice on opening a farm, assistance in drawing up a business plan and one-time financial assistance.

Task No. 25

What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “art”? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of art, and one sentence revealing the essence of the educational function of art.

Task No. 25 can be successfully completed only if you know the basic concepts of the course. Art is a form of culture that reflects the surrounding reality in artistic images. An artistic image can be expressed in different types of art: music, painting, architecture, sculpture, literature. Works of art have a great influence on the formation of a person’s personality.

Task No. 26

Name and illustrate with examples any three main responsibilities of an employer enshrined in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

In task No. 26, it is necessary to name and illustrate examples of any three main responsibilities of the employer enshrined in the Labor Code:

1. Ensure safety and working conditions in accordance with labor protection standards. At enterprise N, in order to improve the working conditions of workers, training sessions were held on injury prevention,
2. Pay wages in full on time. For delaying payment of wages, the management of enterprise Y was held accountable in the form of being forced to pay employees interest in addition to their wages.
3. Implement compulsory social insurance for employees. In the employment contract signed by citizen N with the company, a clause on compulsory social insurance of citizen N was included in the section of the employer’s responsibilities.

Task No. 27

A new political party was registered in State Z. It has central governing bodies and regional branches. The party proclaims as its basic principles traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, and society over the interests of the individual. During the elections, the political party received the required number of votes and received seats in parliament. Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation. Give the fact that allowed you to draw this conclusion. Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe any one of them.

• the party is registered;
• central government bodies and regional branches (a sign indicating a mass party);
• basic principles: traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual (a sign indicating ideological affiliation - conservative);
• entered parliament after the elections (participates in government - a sign indicating the ruling party);

Now the questions: Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation.

Answer: Conservative Party.

Give the fact that allowed you to draw this conclusion.

Answer: Because it defends the principles of tradition and stability of development (traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual).

Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe any one of them.

Answer: According to their ideological orientation, liberal and socialist parties can be distinguished. Signs of the liberal party: inalienability of natural human rights, their priority over the interests of society and the state, political pluralism, free market economy.

Task No. 28

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Types of families.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.

To write a plan for any social science topic, you must clearly understand the structure of studying the topic. Essentially, this task tests students' understanding of the structure of the topic. Therefore, writing a plan depends on the quality of assimilation of the topic material and understanding of its structure. In this case, the topic of the plan is “Types of families.”

1. The concept of family as a small group based on marriage or consanguinity.
2. Family functions (may not be indicated in this version of the plan)
3. Types of families according to the nature of relationships between members:
1. Traditional (patriarchal family), its features:
   A) cohabitation of several generations;
   B) male supremacy;
   C) economic dependence of family members on men;
   D) strict distribution of responsibilities
2. Partner (democratic) family:
   A) nuclearity;
   B) decision-making by all family members;
   C) women’s economic independence;
   D) fair distribution of household responsibilities
4. Types of families in relation to raising children:
1. Authoritarian;
2. Democratic;
3. Liberal (permissive)
4. Modern trends in family development

Task 29

Select one from the statements proposed below, reveal its meaning in the form of a mini-essay, indicating, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic raised).

When expressing your thoughts about the raised problem (designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use knowledge received while studying a social studies course, corresponding concepts, and data public life and one's own life experience.

(Give at least two examples from different sources for factual argumentation.)

29.1. Philosophy. “The privilege of fish, rats and wolves is to live by the law of supply and demand; the law of human life is justice.” (D. Ruskin)

29.2. Economy. “The types of businesses are different, but the business as a system remains the same regardless of its scale and structure, products, technologies and markets.” (P. Drucker)

29.3. Sociology, social psychology. “We need schools that not only teach, which is extremely important, that’s the most important thing, but schools that nurture the individual.” (V.V. Putin)

29.4. Political science. “The supreme power is worthy of veneration only insofar as it is the means of securing human rights.” (A. Custine)

29.5. Jurisprudence. “Protection of rights is a duty to society. He who defends his own right defends the right in general.” (R. Iering)

Exercise 29. 3. “We need schools that not only teach, which is extremely important, that’s the most important thing, but schools that nurture the individual.” (V.V. Putin)

When writing an essay, first of all, it is necessary to clearly understand the sphere of society to which the chosen topic relates. You should carefully read the proposed topics, analyze your “baggage of knowledge”, understand which of the topics you have clearer theoretical ideas on, which of the topics you can give the best examples that reveal the content of the topic.

In this case, we chose a topic from the section sociology, social psychology. We understand that the problem of the modern school and education system immediately arises. The eternal question: the tasks of education, training and education, what is more important? The issue of socialization is also touched upon - “schools that educate the individual.” I note that we cannot go into the concept of the topic of the spiritual sphere of society here, because we are writing an essay from another section. So, let's try to write.

What social order should the school fulfill - to give students only a high level of education? Or fulfill an equally important mission – personal development?

As is known from the course of social studies, education is a way of personality development through people’s acquisition of knowledge, acquisition of skills and abilities, development of creative abilities through a system of social institutions, the most important of which is school.

When we talk about a school as an institution that provides education, we understand that we are talking about a social institution that has a number of elements: these are educational standards and programs, operating principles, which include a network of educational institutions and governing bodies.

To improve the quality of education, the state is taking a number of measures: lengthening the duration of training, increasing the requirements for the level of qualifications of teachers, using the variability of educational programs, building individual educational trajectories for students, equipping schools with modern equipment, and introducing new forms of final certification.

As a result, we see school graduates demonstrating high scores on the Unified State Examination, which gives them the opportunity to take budget places in leading universities in the capital. According to the results of international studies presented by the Higher School of Economics, in which 49 countries took part, Russian primary school students occupy leading positions in the world in reading, mathematics and science. And also 8th grade math. According to researchers, this result was achieved thanks to the introduction of new educational standards and a unified state certification system.

But are educational results enough for society and individuals? The author of the quote clearly points us to the most important component of the educational process: the education of a person’s personality.

Based on the functions of education: economic, social and cultural, it becomes clear that it is in the cultural function - the use of previously accumulated culture for the purpose of educating a person and developing his creative abilities - that this problem manifests itself.

In addition to lessons, grades, exams, there is also a school life rich in events: class hours, school festivals, hikes, joint trips with classmates around Russia and to other countries.

In all this, the student learns to interact with other people, demonstrates his abilities and talents. It is in this atmosphere that the social function of education is realized. Through the socialization of the individual, the assimilation of social norms, statuses and roles.

As an example, we can cite our favorite film from childhood, “Eccentric from 5 B,” which vividly demonstrates how the school community and class shape Bori’s personality. How he learns responsibility when he is assigned as a 1st grade counselor.

Thus, V.V. In his statement, Putin once again emphasized the importance of society and school understanding the inseparability of the two most important processes associated with the socialization of the individual – education and upbringing.”

Preview:

5. Culture and spiritual sphere.

I. Culture (from Latin - “culture” - “cultivation, education”)

Traits of culture : functionality, quality, value, normativity, creativity (creativity).

In a broad sense, culture– all types of transformative activity of man and society, as well as its results.

In a general sense, culture– the totality of people’s achievements in the material and spiritual spheres.

Material culture– created in the process of material production (buildings, equipment, tools).

Spiritual culture –includes the process of spiritual creativity and created spiritual values ​​in the form of works of art, scientific discoveries, and religion.

Culture structure:

form – embodiment of cultural achievements content – significance for the individual and society.

Functions of culture:cognitive, informative, communicative, normative, humanistic.

Types of crops: dominant (dominant), elite (for the elite), mass (for the majority, commercial, through the media), folk (based on traditions, folklore, anonymous), donor (from which elements are borrowed), receptive (which borrows elements from another culture), dead (contents are outdated).

Subculture – culture of social groups.

Counterculture - a subculture that is hostile to the dominant one.

Terms:

Accumulation of culture – replenishment of culture with new elements and knowledge.

Cultural transmission– transmission of culture through education.

Cultural diffusion– mutual penetration of cultures.

Acculturation of culture– the process of mutual influence of two or more cultures.

Assimilation of culture– absorption of a small culture by a larger one.

Adaptation of culture- adaptation of cultures to each other.

II. Spiritual sphere.

Structure of the spiritual sphere:

1. Spiritual needs– the need of society and people to create and master spiritual values. Spiritual needs are not given biologically, from birth. They are formed in the process of socialization.

2. Spiritual activity (production)– the activities of people to create spiritual values.

Types of spiritual activities:

1. Cognitive - scientific, religious, artistic

2. Value-oriented - attitude to the phenomena of reality

3. Prognostic - anticipation and planning of changes in reality

3. Spiritual values ​​(benefits) –what is created in the process of spiritual production:works of art, teachings, scientific discoveries, etc.

Types of spiritual production: religion, morality, art, science.

Religion.

Religion – a form of social consciousness and worldview based on belief in the existence of a supernatural principle.

Elements: faith, doctrine, religious activity, religious institutions.

Functions : ideological, compensatory, communicative, regulatory, educational.

Religions:

World: Buddhism, Christianity, Islam (large number of followers, beyond national boundaries)

National: Confucianism (China), Taoism (China), Judaism (Israel), Shintoism (Japan), Zoroastrianism (Iran).

Atheism - denial of the existence of God

Confessional- church, denomination - religion

Morality.

Moral - a form of social consciousness that reflects ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice and the type of social relations, a set of norms of behavior of people in relation to each other.

Functions of morality: regulatory, educational, communicative, cognitive, ideological.

The fulfillment of moral norms is sanctioned by the norms of spiritual influence (evaluation, approval, condemnation).

Art.

Art - a form of social consciousness and a type of human activity that is a reflection of the surrounding realityin artistic images.

Art is the core of aesthetic culture.

Theories of the origin of art: gaming (G. Spencer), labor (G. Plekhanov), biologization(C. Darwin), magical.

Functions of art:aesthetic, cognitive, creative, cleansing, communicative, educational, compensatory, hedonistic (pleasure function).

Kinds of art : literature, architecture, music, cinema, theater, painting, graphics, arts and crafts, dance, sculpture, photography.

Features of art:is figurative, visual; the presence of specific methods of reproduction, the huge role of imagination and fantasy.

The science.

The science - the sphere of cognitive activity of people, a system of objectively true knowledge about natural and social reality, about man.

Elements of Science : scientific knowledge, scientific activity, scientific self-awareness.

Models of science development:

1. Gradual development

2. Through scientific revolutions.Scientific revolution –the process of a radical, qualitative change in the dominant system of ideas and theories (paradigm), which serves as a standard of thinking in a specific historical period.

Functions of science : cognitive, ideological, prognostic.

Functions of modern science: productive, social, cultural and ideological.

Classification of sciences:

Natural technical public (humanitarian)

Education.

Education - purposeful cognitive activity to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities and improve them.

Self-education– the process of acquiring knowledge independently.

Functions of education: economic, social, cultural, preservation and transfer of cultural heritage.

Education in the Russian Federation:

preschool general professional additional

Features of modern education:integration of areas of knowledge, development of lifelong education, informatization (computerization), development of distance education (via the Internet), humanization (attention to the individual), humanitarization (increasing attention to social sciences, internationalization (creation of a unified system for different countries).

Preview:

1. Society.

Social Sciences: economics, philosophy, sociology, political science, ethics (about morality), aesthetics (about beauty).

Society:

In a narrow sense: A group of people connected by common interests and goals.

In a broad sense: A part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, including all ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification.

Society and nature interact and influence each other. Economic interaction – consumption of natural resources, environmental – protection of natural resources.

Noosphere (V. Vernadsky ) – habitat (biosphere) controlled by the human mind.

Society - dynamic system.

Systemic qualities of society:integrity, dynamism, historicity, openness, hierarchy.

There are 4 spheres (subsystems) in the structure of society:

1. Economic - material production and industrial relations.

2. Political - politics, state, law, their relationships and functioning, media, army.

3. Social – relations between classes, groups, nations, etc.

4. Spiritual – forms of social consciousness: religion, morality, science, art.

The spheres interact and are interconnected.

Public relations– relationships and forms that arise in the process of life between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them.

Public relations

Spiritual Material

The most important component of society issocial institution –a historically established form of organization of people, based on a set of norms and statuses, regulating their activities and satisfying fundamental human needs.

Social institutions: property, state, political parties, family, church, labor organizations, educational institutions, science, media, etc.

Types of societies (according to Daniel Bell, Alvin Toffler)

Types of societies (according to O. Toffler)

Social change– transition of social systems, communities, organizations from one state to another (natural, demographic, social, spiritual changes, etc.).

Directed development

progress stagnation regression

Progress criterion – the degree of freedom that society gives a person for its optimal development. Progress is inconsistent (both positive and negative processes)

Forms of progress:revolution and reform. Evolution – gradual development.

Scientific and technological progress (NTP) -qualitative change in the productive forces of society under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution.

Scientific and technological revolution (STR)– a leap in the development of the productive forces of society based on fundamental changes in the system of scientific knowledge.

Historical process– chronological sequence of events that influence the development of society.Subjects of the historical process: individuals, social groups, masses.Historical fact- an event in public life.

Civilization – the totality of material, spiritual and moral means that a given society has in a given historical period.

The term was put forward by N. Danilevsky, called civilizationscultural and historical types.He distinguished civilizations according to 4 characteristics: economic, cultural, political, religious. To characterize civilizations, the concept of mentality is also distinguished.

Mentality - a way of thinking, worldview inherent in a certain group or individual

Two theories: the theory of stage development (study development as a single process) and the theory of local civilizations(study large historically established communities).

Approaches to studying the historical process:

Formational approach (K. Marx)	Civilizational approach (A. Toynbee)	Cultural approach (O. Spengler)
It is based on the transition from one formation to another.Socio-economic formations:primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist, communist. In a socio-economic formation there are two main components - the base and the superstructure. Basis - the economy of society, the components of which areproductive forces And relations of production(method of production of material goods). Add-on - state, political, public institutions. Changes in the economic basis lead to the transition from one socio-economic formation to another. Plays a big roleclass struggle.	Civilizations – stable communities of people united by spiritual traditions, similar lifestyles, geographical and historical boundaries.The basis is a change of civilizations. The development of the entire story follows the “challenge-response” pattern. Every civilization goes through four stages in its destiny: origin; height; break; disintegration ending in death and complete disappearance of civilization.	The central concept of this approach is culture. Culture is the totality of religion, traditions, material and spiritual life. Culture is born, lives and dies. Civilization within the framework of the cultural approach -the highest level of cultural development,the final period of development of a culture preceding its death.

Global problems of our time –a complex of social and natural contradictions affecting the whole world as a whole. I are an indicator of the integrity and interconnection of the modern world, pose a threat to humanity, and require joint efforts to be resolved.

Main problems:

1. Environmental: pollution, species extinction, “ozone holes”, etc.

The term "Ecology" was introduced E. Haeckel.

2. Demographic;

3. The problem of security and prevention of world war;

4. Resource problem;

5. The North-South problem: developing and highly developed countries.

Globalization – strengthening integration ties in various spheres between states, organizations, and communities.

International organizations:UN (United Nations); IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency); UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization); WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization); WTO (World Trade Organization); NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization); OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe); European Union; OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Producing and Exporting Countries); CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States); SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) and others.

Preview:

3. Cognition.

Cognition – a process aimed at obtaining knowledge.

Knowledge – objective reality given in the human mind. Knowledge is the result of cognitive activity.

Subject of knowledge- the one who knows. Object of knowledge - what knowledge is aimed at.

Epistemology – the science of knowledge.

Gnosticism (Gnostics)– they believe that the world is knowable (Plato, Socrates, K. Marx, G. Hegel).

Agnosticism (agnostics)– the world is knowable within limited limits or unknowable (I. Kant).

Types of cognition: sensory and rational.

Forms of sensory knowledge:

Feeling – reflection of individual properties and qualities of objects and phenomena that arise when exposed to the senses.

Perception - a holistic sensory image of an object, phenomenon.

Performance - a sensory image of an object or phenomenon that arises with the help of memory without direct contact with the object.

Forms of rational knowledge:

Concept – a form of thinking in which the general and essential properties of an object are recorded.

Judgment - a form of thinking in which something is affirmed or denied.

Conclusion –a form of thinking in which new judgments are derived from existing ones.

Two theories on types of cognition:

1. Empiricism (empiricists)– recognize sensory experience as a source of knowledge (T. Hobbes, D. Locke).

2. Rationalism (rationalists)– knowledge can be obtained with the help of reason (R. Descartes, I. Kant)

Intuition - a unique type of cognition outside the process of sensory acquaintance and without thinking.

Traits: suddenness, thoughtlessness, hidden mechanism.

The purpose of knowledge is to obtain the truth.

Truth – knowledge corresponding to reflected reality.Truth is objective in content and subjective in form.

Absolute truth- complete, exhaustive knowledge, not refuted by the further development of science.

Relative truth- incomplete, inaccurate knowledge, refuted by the further development of science.

Criterion of truth – a way to distinguish between true and untrue in the body of knowledge.

The main criterion of truth is practice.

The opposites of truth are lies, disinformation, and delusion.

Lie – deliberate raising of obviously incorrect ideas into the truth.

Disinformation - transmission false knowledge as true or true as false.

Misconception – unintentional inconsistency of judgments or concepts with the object.

Types of knowledge.

I.Non-scientific knowledge:

Ordinary (everyday)

Practical (folk wisdom)

Religious

Mythological

Artistic (through the means of art).

II. Scientific knowledge –cognition aimed at obtaining objective knowledge. Target – description, explanation, prediction of reality phenomena. Signs: objectivity, consistency, validity, reliability, special language, the need for special devices and specialists.

2 levels of scientific knowledge: empirical and theoretical.

Empirical level:

Observation - purposeful perception of phenomena of objective reality.

Description - recording information about an object using natural or artificial language.

Measurement - comparison of an object based on any similar properties or aspects.

Experiment - observation under specially created and controlled conditions, which makes it possible to restore the course of the phenomenon when the conditions are repeated.

Theoretical level:

Hypothesis – assumptions made during scientific research.

Theory – a system of interconnected statements.

Law – conclusions about significant, recurring connections between phenomena.

Scientific methods:

1. General: dialectics (dialectical studies phenomena in motion) and metaphysics (metaphysical studies phenomena at rest).

2. General scientific: Analysis is the real or mental division of an object into its component parts. Synthesis is the combination of component parts into a single whole. Induction - the movement of thought from the individual to the general. Deduction is the ascent of the process of cognition from the general to the individual. Analogy (correspondence, similarity) - establishing similarities in certain aspects, properties and relationships between non-identical objects.

3. Private scientific: questionnaire, examination, interviewing, graphic method.

III. Social Cognition –cognition aimed at studying the nature of social connections, social groups, social structure of society.

Peculiarity - the subject and object of knowledge coincide, the knowledge obtained is always related to the interests of individuals, the subjectivity of conclusions and assessments.

Target: identification of historical patterns of social development, social forecasting.

Methods: content analysis (analysis of statistical data, documents), survey, observation, experiment.

IV.Self-knowledge – self-knowledge, self-esteem, creation of the “I-concept” - the image of the Self.

Feature – the object is the subject itself.

Goal: knowledge of your physical, mental, spiritual capabilities, your place among other people.

Self-knowledge is accomplished:

1. In analyzing the results of one’s own activities, one’s behavior, and relationships with others.

2. Awareness of the attitude of others towards oneself (the qualities of one’s personality, character traits), through the opinions of others

people and relating oneself to others.

3. Self-observation of your states, experiences, thoughts.

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2. Man.

Human	Individual	Individuality	Personality
The highest level of living organisms on earth, a subject of socio-historical activity and culture	A single representative of the human race	Unique, original traits and qualities inherent in a person (biological, psychological, social)	A set of socially significant traits that characterize a person as a member of a given society, a person as a subject of relationships and conscious activity

Origin theories:religious, evolutionary(C. Darwin), Marxist (labor made man)

Biosocial problem– the problem of the relationship between the biological and the social in man.

At the moment of birth, a person is an individual. A person becomes a person through the process of socialization.

Socialization - the process of a person’s assimilation of social experience and forms of behavior acceptable for a given society.

Primary socialization: agents (relatives, teachers) and institutions of socialization (family, school).

Secondary socialization: agents (colleagues, teachers, officials) and institutions (universities, army, church).

Desocialization –the process of moving away from old values, norms, rules, roles.

Resocialization – the process of learning new values, norms, rules, roles.

Freedom of the individual- the ability to create oneself and the world of other people, make choices, be responsible. “Freedom is a recognized necessity” - G. Hegel.

Interpersonal relationships -relationships between different individuals for different reasons.

Interpersonal relationships

Worldview of the individual– a set of principles, views, beliefs and attitudes towards objective reality and man’s place in it.

Worldview:

everyday, religious, mythological, scientific, philosophical, humanistic.

Activity - human activity aimed at changing and transforming the world around us and ourselves. Subject - the one who carries out the activity. An object - what the activity is aimed at.

Activity structure:

Motive - goal - means - action - result.

Motive – a material or ideal object that encourages action.

Target – a conscious image of the expected result.

Activities:

1. By content: work, play, communication, study.

Work - a type of human activity aimed at achieving a practically useful result.

Communication- the process of interaction between people, consisting of perception and understanding and the exchange of information (communication)

2. By direction: spiritual, practical, creative, managerial.

Creation - activity that generates something new that has never existed before.

Heuristic - a science that studies creative activity.

Human needs- an experienced or perceived need for something.

Needs:

biological, social, ideal.

Needs according to A. Maslow.

1. Physiological, 2. Existential, 3. Social, 4. Prestigious, 5. Spiritual

Primary, congenital Secondary, acquired

The needs of each level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.

Interest - a conscious need that characterizes people’s attitude towards objects and phenomena that have important social development for them. Interests are incentives for various types of activities.

Capabilities – individual characteristics of a person, on which the success of various types of activities depends.

Abilities have a biological basis.

Talent - a set of abilities that allows you to obtain a product of activity that is distinguished by novelty and significance.

Genius – the highest level of talent development, allowing for fundamental shifts in a particular field of activity.

Genius is a cultural phenomenon of human nature.

"Conscious" and "Unconscious"- these are correlative concepts that express the peculiarities of the work of the human psyche. A person thinks about situations and makes decisions. Such actions are called conscious . However, often a person acts thoughtlessly, and sometimes he himself cannot understand why he did this.Unconsciousactions presuppose that a person acts on an internal impulse, without any analysis of the situation, without clarifying the possible consequences. ( Z. Freud).

Being - anything existing that exists at all (being is studied by the section of philosophy ontology).

Forms of being : material existence, spiritual existence, human existence, social existence.

The spiritual world of man(microcosm) – a complex system of a person’s inner world, the elements of which are spiritual needs, thoughts, feelings, worldview, emotions, values, etc.

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4. Social sphere

Sociology – the science of patterns, formation, functioning, development of society and social relations.(O. Comte).

The structure of the social sphere includes:

I. Social connections –dependencies of social groups and people on each other (they can be formal and informal).Social connections:

1. Social contacts –unstable connections that arise for specific reasons (for example, subway passengers).

2. Social interactions– stable, regular connections based on joint activities (for example, colleagues at work).

3. Social relationships– ultra-stable, self-renewing connections that are systemic in nature (for example, friends).

II. Social groups –communities of individuals united according to some characteristic.(T. Hobbes).

Signs:

number: small groups (characterized by direct contact and informal communication), medium, large

demographic:by gender, age, education, marital status

settlement criterion:townspeople, villagers

confessional:Catholics, Orthodox, Muslims

according to ethnicity, professionally etc.

III. Social communities– groups capable of self-reproduction.

Ethnosocial communities: clan (tribe), nationality, nation.

Genus - unification of people based on consanguineous ties, tribe - unification of clans, nationalities - unification of people based on territorial and linguistic characteristics, nation – large groups of people united by economic space, language, culture, traditions, and national identity.

IV. Social institution –see chapter Society.The main social institution is the family.

Function family as a social institution: child production.The family is also a small group. Family functions: educational, socialization, leisure, creating a sense of security, economic. Family: matriarchal, patriarchal, partnership.Nuclear family– consisting of 2 generations.

V. Social culture– social norms and social values ​​on the basis of which social relations are formed.

VI. Social values- goals that people strive for in society.Core values– vital for society (health, well-being, family, etc.)

VII. Social norms– rules of social behavior.

Social norms(there are written and unwritten):

Moral norms, ethical norms, norms of traditions and customs, religious norms, political norms, legal norms.

Functions of social norms:regulating, unifying, educational.

Conformist behavior -consistent with accepted standards.

Behavior that does not correspond to social norms – deviant.

Deviant behavior:

Deviant behavior -violation that does not meet the standards.

Deviation can be positive (heroes) and negative (drug addicts, murderers)

Delinquent behavior –committing crimes.

Compliance with standards is ensured by the use of sanctions – the reaction of society to the behavior of an individual or group. Sanctions function – social control.

Sanctions:

Positive (rewarding) and negative (punishing)

Official and unofficial.

Social stratification

Social stratification (differentiation) –stratification and hierarchical organization of society.(P. Sorokin).

Differentiation criteria: income(economic), volume of power (political), education (occupation type), also distinguished prestige - society's assessment of the social significance of an individual's status. Prestige depends on the real usefulness of the activity and the value system of society.

Social layers:

Castes – strictly closed layers of traditional societies.

Estates – groups of people with different rights and responsibilities.

Classes – social groups, distinguished by the method of their participation in social production and distribution, their place in the social division of labor.

Strata – informal groups that have relatively equal social status, the criteria of which are income, access to political power, and education.

Status

Status – a position in the social structure of society, connected with other positions through a system of rights and obligations.

Personal status - the position an individual occupies in a small group

Social status– the position of the individual in a social group.

Status set – a set of statuses of one person.

Prescribed (natural) status: gender, age, nationality, kinship

Acquired (achieved) status: profession, education, position, marital status, religion.

Social role - a certain pattern of behavior recognized for people of a certain status.

Social mobility

Social mobility(P. Sorokin ) – the transition of an individual or group from one position in the hierarchy of social stratification to another.

Social mobility: horizontal -inside one layer and vertical – transition from one layer to another. Vertical mobility can bedescending and ascending.

Channels of social mobility (“social elevators”) –education, army, schools, family, property.

Marginal – an individual who has lost his previous social status and is unable to adapt to a new social environment (“on the edge”).

Marginality – the intermediate position of an individual between social groups, associated with his movements in social space.

Lumpen - people who have sunk to the bottom of social life.

Social conflict.

Social conflict(G. Spencer ) - a clash of opposing interests, goals, views, ideologies between individuals, groups, classes in society.

Structure of the conflict: conflict situation - incident - active actions - completion

Types of behavior in conflict: adaptation, compromise, cooperation, ignoring, competition.Most scientists consider conflict to be a natural, progressive phenomenon.

Types of conflicts:internal, external, global, local, economic, political, family, national.

National conflictsassociated with exacerbationnational issue -about the self-determination of peoples and overcoming ethnic inequality, as well as trends in the modern world.

Two trends in the modern world:

1. International – integration, bringing nations closer together.

2. National – differentiation, desire for independence.

Social policy of the state- purposeful activities of the state to improve the social sphere of society. Directions: 1. improvement of the social structure of society, 2. regulation of relationships between different layers, 3. development of human potential (education development programs, pensions, healthcare, ecology).

Social politics: active - direct influence of the state (can be centralized and decentralized) and passive - mediated by economic factors

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8. Right

Right

1. A system of rules and norms of behavior established and protected by the state.

2. The ability to do, implement, have something (the right to work, education).

Signs of law (and norms of law):normativity, obligation, general character, formal certainty.

Theories of the origin of law: theory of natural law (T. Hobbes), liberal tradition (first law - then the state), statist tradition (first the state - then law), Marxist, sociological. Statism - a theory that states that state the highest result and goal of social development

Functions of law – regulatory, educational, protective.

Legal culture:legal knowledge, attitude to law, law enforcement activities.

Differences between law and morality:

Source (form) of law– specific types of social phenomena that shape the law and the result of law-making by the state.Sources (forms) of law:

1. Legal custom- patterns of behavior rooted in society as a result of their repetition, which have turned into rules of conduct.

2. Judicial practice.

3. Legal (judicial) precedent- a legal decision made earlier in a specific legal case and served as an example for subsequent decisions.

4. Regulatory agreement– an agreement between the parties containing the rules of law

5. Legal act– an act of lawmaking by government bodies that establishes or repeals rules of law.

Legal act: laws and regulations.

I. Laws – regulatory legal acts adopted by the highest legislative body of the state (or referendum), establishing the most significant social relations. There areFederal Laws And Laws of the subjects of the Federation.

The laws are divided into:

1. Constitutional laws(1. Constitution, 2. Laws amending the Constitution.

3. Laws provided for by the Constitution).

2. Ordinary laws– regulatory legal acts of current legislation. They are current (valid for a certain period) andcodified(codes of laws - codes).

II. Regulations– regulatory legal acts specifying the provisions of laws. – decrees, resolutions, decrees.

Legal system (family) - unification of states based on legal regulation.

1. Romano-Germanic– the main source is the legal act. (Russia).

2. Anglo-Saxon– main source – legal precedent

3. Muslim – the main source is legal custom.

The right is shared for private law -serves private interests (family, civil) andpublic law(constitutional, criminal).

Realization of the right – implementation of law.Forms of exercising the right:

1. Use of the right –use of rights

2. Execution of rights– fulfillment of duties

3. Respect for the law- not a violation of the law

4. Application of law– carried out with the help of officials.

Legal system – a set of interconnected norms, institutions and branches of law.

System elements -1. Legal norm(rule of law) – a unit of the system.2. Institute of Law– a small group of rights regulating one type of relationship. (For example, the institution of gift in civil law, the institution of marriage in family law). 3. Branch of law – a set of homogeneous legal norms.

Rule of law - the basic element of the legal system, a rule of conduct established and protected by the state.

Structure of the rule of law:

1. Hypothesis - part of the norm indicating the conditions for the emergence of rights and obligations.

2. Disposition – part of the norm indicating the content of the norm

3. Sanction – part of a norm indicating the legal consequences of a violation.

Types of law

1. By function: regulatory (establish rights and obligations) and protective (measures against violators)

2. By industry:family, civil, etc.

3. By content:1. binding norms(What do we have to do)2. prohibiting norms(what not to do)3. norms enabling(what can be done).

Branches of law.

1. Constitutional (state) law –regulates socially significant social relations and the structure of the state.

2. Family law– regulates issues of marriage and family relations, kinship.

3. Civil law– regulates property and related non-property relations.

4. Administrative law– regulates public relations in the field of management, associated with the activities of the executive branch.

5. Labor law– regulates the relationship between employee and employer

6. Criminal law– regulates relations related to the commission of criminal acts.

Legal relations– types of social relations regulated by law.

To become participants in legal relations, legal entities and individuals (subjects of public relations) must have legal capacity and capacity.

Legal capacity –the ability of subjects of legal relations to have legal rights and bear responsibilities. It begins at birth and ends with death.

Capacity– the ability of subjects of legal relations to independently realize rights and obligations.1. Full– from 18 years old.2. Partial– (in criminal from 16 years, for some crimes from 14 years, in family from 16 years, in civil - from 14 years, in administrative - from 16 years)3. Limited- according to the court.

Legal fact– living conditions in connection with which legal relations arise.

Legal facts– 1. Law-formers. 2. Law-altering. 3. Legally terminating.

Legal facts:1. Events(do not depend on the will of people), 2. Actions(depend on the will of people).

Actionsthere arelegitimateAndillegal(offences).

Offenses– acts contrary to the requirements of legal norms are expressed asaction, soinaction.

Offensesare divided intomisconductAndcrimes.

Misdemeanors (torts) and legal liability.

1. Administrative(in the field of state and local regulation) –administrative responsibility (warning, fine, deprivation of rights, confiscation of an item, correctional work, administrative arrest)

2 . Disciplinary(in the field of official relations) –disciplinary liability(remark, reprimand, dismissal),material liability(compensation for damage)

3. Civil(in the field of property and non-property relations) – civil liability.

Crimes– socially dangerous illegal acts that cause special harm or threat. Comingcriminal liability.

Signs of an offense:guilt, illegality, social danger.

Legal structure of the offense:

1.Object of the offense –what the action is aimed at.2. Subject of the offense –who committed

3. The objective side of the offense– a characteristic that includes signs of illegality, social danger, and socially dangerous consequences.

4. The subjective side of the offense- internal characteristics of the offense (motive and purpose).

5. Motive for the offense- conscious inducement to commit an act.

6. Purpose of the offense- the mental result that the subject was striving for.

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What does social studies study?

The object of study of social science issociety.Society is a very complex system that is subject to various laws. Naturally, there is no one science that could cover all aspects of society, so several sciences study it. Each science studies one aspect of the development of society: economics, social relations, development paths, and others.

Social science -a general name for sciences that study society as a whole and social processes.

Every science hasobject and subject.

Object of science -a phenomenon of objective reality that science studies.

Subject of science -A person, a group of people cognizing an object.

Sciences are divided into three groups.

Science:

Society is studied by social sciences (humanities).

The main difference between social sciences and humanities:

Social (humanitarian) sciences that study society and man:

archaeology, economics, history, cultural studies, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology, law, ethnography, philosophy, ethics, aesthetics.

Archeology- a science that studies the past from material sources.

Economy– the science of the economic activities of society.

Story- the science of the past of humanity.

Cultural studies- a science that studies the culture of society.

Linguistics- the science of language.

Political science- the science of politics, society, the relationship between people, society and the state.

Psychology– the science of the development and functioning of the human psyche.

Sociology- the science of the laws of formation and development of social systems, groups, individuals.

Right –a set of laws and rules of behavior in society.

Ethnography- a science that studies the life and culture of peoples and nations.

Philosophy- the science of the universal laws of social development.

Ethics- the science of morality.

Aesthetics -the science of beauty.

Sciences study societiesin the narrow and broad senses.

Society in the narrow sense:

1. The entire population of the Earth, the totality of all peoples.

2. Historical stage of human development (feudal society, slave society).

3. Country, state (French society, Russian society).

4. Uniting people for some purpose (animal lovers club, soldiers’ society

mothers).

5. A circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests (high society).

6. Methods of interaction between the authorities and the population of the country (democratic society, totalitarian society)

Society in the broad sense -a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification. Policy: micro level, macro level (state level), mega level (between states).

Politic system– a set of elements in which political power is exercised.

The type of political system determines the political and legal regime: democratic, totalitarian, authoritarian.

Elements of the political system (spheres or subsystems):

1. Institutional:state, parties, movements (institutions)

2. Communication– a set of relations between groups regarding power

3. Regulatory– rules and regulations

4. Cultural-ideological– ideology, political culture, views, emotions.

Power– the ability to exercise one’s will and influence.

Power structure:

1. Subjects of power– state, political leaders, parties

2. Objects of power– individuals, groups, masses

3. Bases of power- legal, economic, security, social, information

4 . Power resources– coercion, persuasion, law, traditions, fear, encouragement, myths

5. Functions of power– domination, leadership, regulation, control, management, coordination, organization, mobilization.

Power is legal- legally legitimate authority,legitimate power- that which is not imposed by force is accepted by the people voluntarily.

Legitimacy or dominance of power (M. Weber)

1. Traditional dominance– due to traditions

2. Legal domination– on the recognition of legal norms

3. Charismatic dominance– relies on the authority of the leader.

Political power is divided into:state and public power.

Theories of the origin of the state:

1. Patriarchal theory - Aristotle2. Religious theory – Thomas Aquinas3. Contract theory – D. Locke, T. Hobbes4. Organic theory – G. Spencer5. Class theory – K. Marx

State- a special organization of power and management, which has a special coercive apparatus and is capable of making its orders binding for the entire country.

Signs of the state –

1. The presence of special public authority

2. Availability of a special control apparatus

3. Territorial organization

4. Taxes

5. Sovereignty of power

6. Monopoly on lawmaking.

Functions of the state – main, socially significant areas of state activity.

Functions:

1. By objecty: internal and external

2. By content: political, economic, social, cultural and educational, legal, organizational, environmental.

3. By the nature of the impact:protective (ensuring the protection of public relations) and regulatory (development of public relations).

State form– a set of basic methods of organization, structure and exercise of state power, expressing its essence.

State forms:

1. Form of government –way of organizing supreme power.

Form of government: 1. Monarchy– power is concentrated in the hands of one head and is inherited.2. Republic- power is exercised by elected bodies elected for a certain period of time.Monarchy:1 . absolute, 2. parliamentary, 3. dualistic.Republic:1. presidential, 2. parliamentary, 3. mixed.

2. Form of government – method of national and administrative-territorial structure.Forms: 1. unitary state, 2. federation, 3. confederation.

3. Political and legal regime – a set of political and legal means and methods of exercising power.Regime: 1. democratic, 2. anti-democratic (1. authoritarian, 2 totalitarian, 3. military).

Democracy – recognition of the principle of equality of all people, active participation of the people in political life.

Signs of democracy:1. recognition of the people as the source of power and sovereignty,2. presence of rights and freedoms, 3. pluralism, 4. separation of powers(legislative, executive, judicial), 5.publicity. 6. election of power, 7. developed system of local governments.

Forms of democracy: 1. direct (immediate), 2 indirect (representative).

Institutions of direct democracy: 1. elections, 2. referendum (popular vote).

Electoral system(includes electoral law, electoral process and procedure for recalling deputies) –procedure for the formation of elected bodies.

Suffrage– principles and conditions for citizen participation in elections.Suffrage: 1. active(right to vote),2. passive(the right to be elected).Signs: 1. universal, 2. equal, 3. vowel, 4. open.The results are determined using two systems: 1. majoritarian electoral system –The candidate who receives the majority of votes is considered the winner.2. proportional electoralsystem – voting according to party lists and distribution of mandates between parties is strictly proportional to the number of votes cast.Mandate– a document certifying the rights of a deputy.

Civil society(G. Hegel)– this is a non-state part of socio-political life, protected from direct government intervention, equality of rights and freedoms of all people;Signs of civil society:1. the presence in society of free owners of the means of production; 2. development and ramifications of democracy; 3. legal protection of citizens; 4. a certain level of civic culture.

Constitutional state- a state that is subject to the law in its activities.Signs of a rule of law state: 1. law supremacy, 2 . respect for rights and freedoms, 3. principle of separation of powers, 4. mutual responsibility of the state and citizens.

Political Party- an institution of the political system, a group of adherents of certain goals, uniting to fight for power.Signs of the party: 1. power struggle, 2. programwith goals and strategy, 3.charter, 4. organizational structure, 5. presence of governing bodies.

Types of parties: 1. By methods:revolutionary, reformist. 2. By nature of membership:personnel, mass.3. By ideology: conservative, liberal, social democratic, communist.4. By representation in government: ruling, opposition.5. By the nature of the actions:radical, reactionary, moderate, extremist, conservative.

Political culture (G. Almond, S. Verba) – the totality of a system of opinions, positions, values ​​dominant in a society or group.

Types of political culture:

1. Patriarchal– orientation of citizens towards local values,2. subject– passive attitude of citizens in the political system.3. political culture of participation (activist) – active participation of citizens in political life.Absenteeism– non-participation, avoidance of political life.

Political ideology– system of ideas. Types of ideologies:

1. Conservatism- maintaining order. 2.liberalism– freedom of individuality, entrepreneurship, law. 3.Socialism- a fair structure of society. 4.anarchism– elimination of the state 5.nationalism– superiority of the nation 6.extremism- violent methods.

Constitution of Russia– 1918 (first), 1925, 1937, 1978,1993 (12 December). The first in the world -1787 – US Constitution.December 10, 1948– “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, 1966 – “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights” and “International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”.1959 – "Declaration of the Rights of the Child"1989 – "Convention of the Rights of the Child".

How to properly prepare for social studies:

1. Constant practice is required.
   • Pay special attention to the Unified State Exam in Social Studies 2019. The demo version from FIPI will help you understand the structure of the ticket and understand the requirements. will guide you on what topics you need to study.
   • Prepared for the solution 10 training options with answers. They were developed by teachers based on a demo version.
   • The more tests are solved, the higher the preparedness will be, as the memorization mechanism is triggered. Don't be lazy to work on your mistakes. Solve online tests every week until you make mistakes. Registered users on the site can track statistics of solved tests.
2. Manage your time correctly to solve practice tests to get the maximum number of points.
   • Tasks 1-3 and 10 are solved in 1-4 minutes;
   • Tasks 4-9 and 11-28 are given from 2 to 8 minutes;
   • Tasks 29 - 45 minutes.
3. Work with text

   To complete standard tasks 21-24, skills in working with text information are important. When training to solve Unified State Exam tests in social studies online, pay attention to tasks that require not just extracting and reproducing the essence from the information sheet, but also interpretation, your own understanding of what was said or written, and the use of social science knowledge in the formulation.

   Task No. 29 (essay) includes 5 alternative tasks focused on writing an essay on one of 5 topics. Topics represent statements by famous public figures, as well as representatives of politics, science and culture. The task is traditionally considered the most difficult in CMMs.

   Helpful hint: To write a high-quality essay, you must be able to reveal the meaning of a judgment (statements, quotes), draw on the studied provisions of the social sciences, draw your own conclusions and elaborate with vivid examples.

Converting points to grades

• 0-41 points - “unsatisfactory”;
• 42-54 points - “C”;
• 55-66 points – “good”;
• 67 points and above - “excellent”.

The minimum is 42, and the maximum is 100.

The Unified State Exam test in social studies consists of:

• Part 1– of 20 problems, with a short answer in the form of a word, several words or numbers. Half of the tasks are at the basic level, the other half are at the advanced level. The first part is worth 35 primary points.
• Part 2– of 9 problems, with a detailed answer. Tasks 21 and 22 are basic, and from 23 to 29 are of increased complexity and are worth 30 points. Look with a detailed answer in social studies.

Remember!

• In 2019, the social studies exam will take 235 minutes (3 hours 55 minutes).
• It is forbidden to take with you foreign objects (cheat sheets, smartphones, headphones, smart watches, etc.).
• On the last day before the exam, review the material covered and review the solved options again.

Do you know that part C will give you almost half the points on the Unified State Exam in social studies? On the Unified State Exam, you will count every point, therefore, no matter how difficult the written tasks are, they must be solved. Let's try to outline the main recommendations of Unified State Exam experts on Part C?

But the most difficult thing at the Unified State Exam 2016 will not be, but your struggle with emotions, insufficient time, and your own gaps in knowledge. Preparation for the Unified State Exam is entering a decisive phase; do not forget to use ALL opportunities for the most effective and accelerated preparation and repetition of the material.

Part C of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies - structure

“What is more difficult is better,” said the great Aristotle. In relation to part C of the Unified State Exam in social studies, this is absolutely true. If each task in Part A, and some of the tasks in Part B, will only bring you 100% on the Unified State Exam, then in Part C you can count on a grade from 2 to 5 right away!

So, half of your USE result depends on completing Part C! Meanwhile, even the simplest of the tasks in Part C - C1, C2 - cause difficulties for graduates. But their meaning is a simple contextual search in a social science text. That is, you just need to correctly select the desired author’s idea from the text.

Part C consists of 9 tasks, which are divided into 4 large blocks.

• C1-C4 - work with social science text, search for information presented in explicit and implicit form, your own commentary on the author’s judgments based on knowledge of courses and social practice.
• C5, C8 - tasks of a theoretical nature, where there is practically no need to use examples from the surrounding reality, and the emphasis is on the ability to present the knowledge of a social studies course in a structured manner.
• C6-C7 - tasks on applying theoretical knowledge in practice, solving problems and giving examples.

We have already dedicated our posts separately to tasks, and a separate section to writing essays in social studies, which our group’s subscribers enjoy using

The published FIPI “METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ASSESSING COMPLETION OF USE TASKS WITH DETAILED ANSWER” will help us. We will devote another separate post to the analysis of essay C9 using FIPI recommendations, and today we will discuss the remaining 8 tasks.

Analysis of part C of the Unified State Exam in social studies 2013

A few words about the methodology of working with social science text:

1. Read the entire text, highlight its main problem (what is it about?). In this case it is ensuring the constitutional right of a citizen of the Russian Federation to judicial protection.

2. We work with the text in the KIM (assignment form). As a rule, C1 and C2 can be completely excerpted from the text, sometimes with minor revision. Like this, for example:

3. That is, without wasting time on rewriting the answer into a draft (remember that working with part C requires a lot of time), we prepare ready-made answers for ourselves to rewrite into a clean draft.

So, here are the answers of a graduate seriously preparing for the Unified State Exam in social studies:

C1.1) Speech The text talks about the constitutional right to judicial protection.
2) The main condition for the implementation of this right is the opportunity for every citizen to find out how, where and on what issue to turn. Ensuring information accessibility of the court.

Maximum per task - 2 points.

C2.1) According to the author, the problem with the complaints procedure is a number of rules that objectively limit access to justice.
2) The restriction is that we will accept complaints only on arbitrarily designated “complaint acceptance” days.
3) Complaints can be filed only after personal consultation with a judge or only after checking documents not provided for by law.
4) Only federal laws can introduce restrictions of this kind.

And again the maximum for the task is - 2 points. But, there are some notes on the design. The problem and its two manifestations are identified. But the last part of the question is not clearly highlighted. Better:

— The role of federal laws in solving the problem of the complaint procedure is that only they can introduce restrictions of this kind.

One more note. Each USE expert checks more than a dozen papers. Naturally, the eye gets blurry, so I recommend clearly writing out the answer to the task, repeating its conditions, especially if several questions are asked for one task.

C3. Conditions for unimpeded access to courts by persons with disabilities include:
1) Providing assistance in moving from home to courts (special social services providing a vehicle (social service car with driver or taxi))
2) Installation of convenient ramps at the entrance to court buildings
3) Convenient elevators and doorways inside court buildings
4) Sound equipment for the blind in court buildings, vehicles, pedestrian crossings.
5) Equipping the metro with convenient ramps and elevators
6) Equipping ground transport with convenient entry into wheelchairs, sound equipment for the blind.

C4. Information accessibility of the court and openness of court hearings guarantees respect for the rights of citizens since: 1) The verdict and decision of the court are publicly announced. This provides an opportunity for public discussion, media coverage, filing complaints if necessary on the part of citizens, or other expressions of dissatisfaction (meetings, rallies).
2) The openness of the meeting guarantees the equality of everyone before the law and the court
3) Elimination of the possibility of falsification and distortion of the court case during the trial.
4) Elimination of biased attitude on the part of the judge, prosecutor or lawyer towards the defendant, plaintiff or witnesses.

Let's note the exhaustive and brilliant answers. Understanding of the text, knowledge of legal theory, and understanding of social reality are demonstrated. This, in contrast to tasks C1-C2 (basic level), tasks of an advanced level, each correctly completed task is scored 3 points.

For the correct C3 and C4 maximum 6 points. Total for text C1-C4 maximum 10 points.

C5.Social progress is the process of development of society from simpler to more complex, from lower to higher.

1) Society is a dynamic self-developing system, which inevitably leads to social progress
2) The idea of ​​social progress arose by analogy with the development of nature
3) Social progress is contradictory, since improvement in one area can lead to deterioration or complete extinction of another area. progress for one segment of the population may be negative for another.
4) The criteria for social progress are the development of science, technology, the sophistication of culture, law, education, medicine, etc.

Let us immediately note that in this format this year, it is specified in terms of two complementary proposals. But there are very big doubts about this answer C5; with the current (extremely specific) form of asking questions on complementary sentences, a maximum of 1 point would be received for a correct definition. Suggestions would be here didn't count, since it would be unclear what is being specified at all.

And yet, they ask you to make two sentences, and the answer is 4. Here exactly 2 are required!

And in Part C of the Unified State Exam there are no abbreviations, especially etc. NOT ALLOWED!

Let's say 1 point for the task.

Here is the graduate's response:

C6. Ways to combat unemployment:
1) Organization of public works (landscaping and improvement of parks, squares, playgrounds)
2) Lending and subsidizing small businesses so that people show their entrepreneurial abilities, create work for themselves and additional jobs. (issuance of loans by banks to open a business at a lower interest rate)
3) Creation of schools and courses for retraining workers (creation of accounting courses, courses in scripting languages, etc.)

1. At the request of the local employment service, the department of housing and communal services of the town of M. allocated an additional 2 places for employing unemployed citizens to work as a street landscaper.

Here is what the FIPI methodological recommendations on this matter look like:

Therefore, for this answer the expert will give 0 points.

Alumni response:

C7. This is a social phenomenon - Socialization of the individual.
1) The primary socialization of a child is most influenced by parents (mother, father, grandmother, grandfather). In the secondary - school, university, teachers, professors.
2) People who are in authority with a particular person also influence the socialization of the individual.
3) Example: The child remembers how family members communicate with each other and does things by analogy with them.
The student accepts the opinion of a professor he respects on a particular topic.

In general, the task itself implies that you must know at a high level what an agent of socialization is and what an institution of socialization is. These are the subjects. In this answer, all the arguments are put “in a heap”... Honestly, experts would argue further in this situation, but you would get at least 1 point for the example. Two subjects ask, write:
1. Parents.
6. Functions of the state

b) Protection of the territory of the state
c) Representation of the state in the international arena (political, economic)
etc.

In the variant, there really was a voluminous question for the plan. The logic behind constructing the graduate's answer is correctly understood, but there are some inaccuracies at the end.

Very confusing again etc. at the end of the plan. Moreover, at the beginning of this point a) Economic and social problems … What is this? this is not a function. These are problems. The point would definitely be taken off, since this item is in the plan task.

2 points for answer.

How to solve part C of the Unified State Exam in social studies?

Small summaries from the disassembled version. We checked it without an essay, we will immediately take this into account when calculating points (- 5 points, this is the maximum for C9).

Out of the maximum possible 22 points, 15 points were scored. That's quite a lot. If you combine this with 17 points for Part A and 11 for Part B, you get (that's almost 67 points). That is, the graduate claims a high level of Unified State Examination scores. I recommend that you continue this work in our group.