Exist., number of synonyms: 2 sound composition (2) phonetics (3) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
Chips of sound generators are specialized microcircuits for sound generation. They can be used to play sound effects and synthesized music (see chiptune) in computers, gaming systems (consoles, machines) and household ... ... Wikipedia
GOST R 54746-2011: Railway rolling stock. Acoustic signal devices. General specifications- Terminology GOST R 54746 2011: Railway rolling stock. Acoustic signal devices. General specifications original document: 3.3 sound pressure (sound pressure): Variable pressure generated by a noise source, ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
Not to be confused with the Munich Symphony Orchestra. The Munich Symphonic Sound Orchestra is a German musical group led by Boris Jojic, typical ... ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Morphology. ... Wikipedia
- (Greek phonetikos, from phone sound). Teaching about the sounds of the human voice. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. PHONETICS in grammar, the study of sounds. A complete dictionary of foreign words included in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
DISTRIBUTION OF P. YAZ. P. language belongs to the group zap. Slavic languages. and together with Kashubian and the extinct Polabian. makes up their Lechitsky group (see "Slavic languages"). Distribution area P. yaz. consists primarily of Poland proper... Literary Encyclopedia
LITERATURE- learning to read and write Choice of method. O.g. determined by the ratio between oral and writing, between sounds and letters Method O.g. relies on knowledge of the simplest elements of speech sounds and their designation by letters. A student of literacy ... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia
The language of the Chinese (See Chinese), the official language of the People's Republic of China. On K. I. 95% of the country's population speaks (over 730 million people, 1970, estimate) and the Chinese population of Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Burma, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, etc. (over ... ... Big soviet encyclopedia
Books
- Sound poster "Russian and English alphabet" (ЗП-7196)
- Sound poster "Speaking alphabet" (ЗП-6517) , . We present to your attention a unique novelty - educational sound posters that contain poems, entertaining and instructive stories about animals, the sounds they make, and…
In Russian 37 to 43 sounds:
5 or 6 vowels: a, e, o, i, u, + s(M. school does not highlight S, because it is considered a variant of I)
Consonants: 12 pairs on TV / soft. 3 always hard: g, w, c, 2 always soft: h, j, + k, g, x ( their soft var. in loans. words - not a Russian sound)
32 consonants + k", g", x" + vowels= 40 + w" and w"(long) + s= 43.
Speech sounds- the smallest. sounds. units that we hear and pronounce, letters- conditional graphic signs that are expressed speech sounds in writing.
Stressed vowels are pronounced distinctly and clearly, in unstressed words it is unclear, therefore in unstressed syllables, vowels and sounds may not coincide: product - t[A]var.
Strong pos. - under. hit. Absolute strong pos.- under attack. in the beginning. the words.
Iotated letters e, yo, yu, i are not sounds.
b and b are not sounds, the combination ts gives the sound [c], the letter combination sch gives the sound [u '].
5. System of vowel sounds. Laws in force in the field of vowels.
Vowels (6 pcs) - a, o, i, u, uh, s - Moscow the school considers option I)
The basic Law - Reduction(abbreviated sound). The further the sound is from the stress, the shorter it is (150 ms under stress, without - shorter).
Types of reduction: quantitative(and, s, y) - the sound is reduced, quality(a, o, e) - the sound itself changes.
Positions: tb, t "b ←t˄,t" and uh ←t,t"A, O, E →tb, t "b
Retreat from the law: at the absolute beginning of the word cap ( ˄ rbat)
After soft accord. in the first pre-shock. syllable a, oh, uh pronunciation. how
[ and e ] : [l "and e do´k], [l" and e sa´]
After firm acc. in the first pre-shock.uh sounds like [ s e ] : [shy e hundred'y "].
It exists in case endings. and verbs, where there is a graphic I, is written posterior palatine reducer Kommersant: storm - drill "b.
6. The system of consonant sounds. Phonetic processes and laws operating in the field of consonants.
12 pairs on tv/soft: p, b, m, c, t, e, h, s, r, l, n, f + their soft variants, 3 always hard: g, w, c, 2 always soft: h, j + k, g, x( their soft var. in loans. words - not a Russian sound) + k", g", x"+ f" and sh"(long soft)
The law of the end of the word.All paired deaf / bell. are stunned: brain [sk], threshold - vice, young - hammer, goats - braid, etc. In words with two consonants at the end both are stunned: breast - sadness.
Assimilation (likening one sound to another)- with [z] beat, tale [c] ka. Occurs between sounds of the same type (vowels or consonants). assimilation can be complete(in this case, the assimilated sound completely coincides with the one to which it is likened) and incomplete. Towards - progressive(the previous sound affects the last - a fairy tale) and regressive(the last sound affects the previous one - the score).
Dissimilation (dissimilation: two or more identical or similar sounds diverge in pronunciation further and further) - bonba, tranway, collidor, secretary.
Accommodation - consonants affect the pronunciation of vowels
1) back or middle vowels [a], [o], [y] become more front after soft consonants: rad-row, lot-ice, bow-hatch, n˙yanya.
2) Ira and I [raw]
or vowels affect the pronunciation of consonants.
1) if m and s merge, a long sound appears:
2) rounding of consonants after labial vowels: that [t˚ot]
Proclitic: full (unstressed are adjacent to percussion) and relative (unstressed prim to percussion, but the quality of unstressed does not change). The unions BUT and TO are a proclitic, but relates ..
he is a deacon [d'jakon], but a deacon [d'jakn]; I'm with her, but clearer
Phonetich. processes:
Diereza- one sound is thrown out, another sound is formed: heart [s'erts], sad, idle, feeling.
Epenthesis- inserting a sound where it was not: beaver-beaver, fire-fire, betray-transmit, shame-stram, scorpion-scorpion.
Prosthesis- inserting a sound at the beginning of a word: eight-octopus, sharp-sharp
Metathesis- mutual permutation of sounds or syllables in words on the basis of assimilation or dissimilation: case (from German futteral), plate (talerka), marble (murmor)
| " |
EUPHONIA (SOUND COMPOSITION OF POETIC SPEECH)
Human speech is carried out with the help of sounds, various combinations of which give words and sentences. In practical speech, these sounds almost do not hold attention to themselves. Realizing speech, we forget how, she sounds. Another thing is in poetic speech, where there is a setting for expression. Here the sounds of speech take on greater significance and, under certain conditions, may even obscure the perception of meaning in impression.
* Euphony is included by B. Tomashevsky in the section of stylistics, while it is more usual to include it in poetry. In science in the 1920s there was also a broader understanding of poetic phonetics. B. I. Yarkho defined it as “the doctrine of aesthetically applied speech sounds” (Ars poetica, p. 12) and included prosody, versification (rhythm, systems of versification, theory of clauses, rhyme) and euphony proper (Methodology of exact literary criticism, pp. 214–215).
When studying the sounds of human speech, we must take into account the following points: the sounds we utter are not only abstract sounds, which we only hear are the result of some pronunciation work in which our organs of pronunciation participate. In the perception of sounds, we merge together both ideas about sounding and ideas about the method of producing these sounds. sound (acoustic side) is completely inseparable from the pronunciation (articulation). In human language sound, acoustics and articulation are two sides of the same thing. Therefore, if we use the word "sound", then by this word we mean not only the musical side of speech, but also the idea of the movement of the tongue, the muscles of the larynx, the tension of the vocal cords, exhalation, etc.
Sounds should be distinguished by their role in the language system. Some features of pronunciation, such as a greater or lesser speed of speech, raising or lowering the voice, characterize the phrase as a whole and are combined in the concept of "intonation". Other moments, such as sound qualities (various vowels and consonants), stress (compare "castle" and "castle"), determine individual words and their forms (phenomena phonetic in the narrow sense of the word).
Finally, in the environment of all these phenomena, one can take into account the moments quantitative(to which the comparison is applicable: more or less, for example, amplification of sound, i.e. stress, sound duration, musical pitch), on the one hand, and quality - on the other hand (qualitative phenomena are typical, incomparable: the properties of the sounds “a”, “o”, “l”, “p” are not compared with each other. The sound “p” is typical, it cannot be more than “p” or less than “p "). These qualitative types of sounds are called phonemes*
* Elements of a phoneme, taken into account only from its musical-sound (auditory) side, are called akusma; elements of articulation (movements of the organs of speech) are called cinemas, combinations of both - kinakems.
Among the phonemes, one should distinguish between vowel sounds (pronounced with the mouth ajar) and consonants (in the pronunciation of which the organs of speech are more or less closely closed, and noise from air friction against the closed organs of pronunciation is mixed with the main sound).
Vowels differ: stressed (full education) - "and", "e", "o", "s", "a", "y" and unstressed (reduced) - the same sounds in an unstressed position with the addition of sounds heard, when we pronounce “a” and “o” not under stress (for example, in the words “law”, “I say” - the sounds depicted by the letter “o” are different depending on whether they are in the syllable immediately before the stressed one or in which somewhere else in the word), as well as “e” in an unstressed position (a sound close to “and”).
Vowels differ in pitch. The highest (piercing) sound is “and”, the lowest (deaf) is “y”.
In addition, vowels are distinguished labialized"o" and "y", the pronunciation of which brings the lips together.
From among the consonants, “sonor” ones are distinguished into a special group, approaching in character to vowels - nasal “n” and “m” and lingual “l” and “r”. Among the sonorants, the sound “r” occupies a special place, representing, as it were, a series of vocal explosions, accompanied by a trembling of the tip of the tongue. The remaining sonorants are obtained with a fixed installation of the organs of speech.
The remaining consonants are divided into two groups - voiced, pronounced in a full voice ("c", "b", "d", "h", "g", "g"), and deaf, pronounced in a whisper ("f", "n ”, “t”, “s”, “ts”, “sh”, “h”, “k”, “x”.) * There are correspondences between voiced and deaf - each voiced corresponds to a deaf and vice versa (“b” and "p", "v" and "f", etc.). The sound “h” corresponds to the voiced one heard in the word “before” in place of the spelling “d”, the sound “x” corresponds to the South Russian “g”, preserved in the literary dialect under the influence of the “seminar” pronunciation in the words of religious origin “Lord”, in indirect cases, the words "god" - "god", "god", "gods", etc. **
* At the end of words and before deaf consonants, the letters "b", "c", etc. denote deaf sounds, for example, “pillar”, “rye”, “second”, “time” - pillar, rosh, fluoroi, races.
** The voiced corresponding to the sound “ts” is almost absent in Russian, but is familiar to everyone from the Georgian surnames “Dumbadze”, “Chkheidze”, etc. Sometimes this sound appears when the final "c" collides with the initial voiced consonant, for example: "big sage."
On the other hand, the same sounds are divided into explosive (instant) and fricative (long). The first include: "p", "t", "k", "b", "d" and "g", the second - "f", "s", "w", "c", "h" , "and". An intermediate position is occupied by affricates that begin with a plosive sound and end with fricatives (“h”, “c”, partly “d” and “t”, sounding like “d (z) b”, “t (s) b” with a slight overtone "h" and "s"). *
* "th" ( t soft) corresponds simultaneously to both hard "t" and hard "c". However, there is a “t” soft and without a slur in combination with a soft “l”: “aphid”, “loops”. The same with respect to "d" ("for", "delay"). However, in modern pronunciation, "d" and "t" in such positions tend to harden.
All consonants (including sonorants) are divided into hard and soft ones, for example, "n" and "n", "p" and "p", "s" and "s", "b" and "b". Hard and soft have the same letter designation in Russian spelling, but in the middle of words before a vowel behind hard consonants, vowels “a”, “o”, “s”, “y” are written, behind soft ones - “I”, “e ”, “and”, “yu”. Before consonants and at the end of words, hard ones are denoted by one letter, and the sign “b” is assigned to soft ones.
It should be noted that the letters "sh", "zh" and "c" in Russian always denote solid sounds (cf. reed and mouse, fat and lark, whole and end), and "ch" and "u" (letter, denoting the complex sound "shh") - always soft ("sword" and "night", "shchi" and "mercy").
The classification of consonants is made on the basis of articulation, i.e. according to those organs that take part in their formation (this does not take into account the language as participating in most sounds - rather, the organ to which the language adjoins is taken into account).
There are labial consonants (“c”, “f”, “b”, “p”; among sonorants - nasal “m”), dental (“d”, “t”, “z”, “c”, “g” , "w", "h"; among the sonorants - "n") and posterior palatine ("g", "k"). On the other hand, according to the acoustic effect, whistling ("z", "s" and "c") and hissing ("w", "sh" and "h") are distinguished.
Vowels and consonants combine to form syllables. Each syllable has a more strongly pronounced sound, to which syllables adjoin. This sound is called syllabic. Usually a vowel is a syllabic sound, and each vowel corresponds to one syllable. However, sometimes a vowel sound may not form a syllable and be "non-syllabic". Such is, for example, "y" in some foreign words: "Faust", "clown", as well as in the Belarusian and Little Russian languages in place of the Russian "v" and "l" (vouk-wolf, dzeuka-girl, etc.). It is very common in Russian and non-syllabic(th). This sound is part of the spelling vowels i, yo, yu, e (ya, yo, yu, ye) * when they are at the beginning of words, or after a vowel, or at the beginning of a separately pronounced syllable (pit, tree, south, go , announcement, volume, shelter, departure, blizzard, line, etc.). It is also depicted with the letter “and” after vowels (barn, seagull, let's go, army). In some positions ** this sound can be considered a consonant (voiced fricative mid-palatal sound). In this case, it is called iot.
* The same letters after consonants indicate only the softness of the preceding consonant: nanny-nana, roar-ryov, cradle-lyulka, etc.
** Before a stressed vowel: "pit", "tree", "south", "go".
In addition to the properties of sound and pronunciation related to the sentence and the word, we should also note the properties associated with the nature of the speaker's speech, with his voice. We distinguish between speech spoken loudly and muffled, spoken whiningly or insinuatingly, and so on. In these characteristics of the voice we note what is called timbre of the voice. Each person has his own timbre, which he can change only within his rather narrow limits, mainly depending on the emotional quality of speech.
The development of timbre, which is extremely important for the actor and reciter (as well as for the speaker), usually goes unnoticed in the work of the writer, since it is extremely difficult to indicate in works of art what timbre should be pronounced this work, and, moreover, it is impossible to expect that the necessary timbre can be found in the voice means of any reader.
I will note one more aspect of pronunciation. Our vocal apparatus can also produce musical sounds (singing). The vocal cords in this case are placed differently than with spoken pronunciation. In musical pronunciation, the main tones of speech stand out above the noise of speech sounds (in an inexperienced singer with poor "diction" it is impossible to make out the words), in ordinary speech, the noise drowns out the musical tones. Some works require a pronunciation close to singing, musical, others, on the contrary, a clearly expressed “spoken” one. Usually the text itself tells us whether we should take a "singing" tone or a "spoken" one. So, when reading Gogol's prose "Wonderful Dnieper in calm weather", we are somewhat closer to the melodious pronunciation, while the usual Chekhov story requires a spoken style. For example, it is absolutely unthinkable to hear the sing-song reading of such phrases: “A terrible noise arose ... Bottles fell from a small table ... Someone hit the German Karl Karlovich Funf on the back ... With a cry and laughter, several people with red faces jumped out of the bedroom ; an alarmed lackey chased after them. ("Correspondent".)
All sound material of human speech in work of art organized, orderly. This organization is generally secondary, i.e. mechanically obtained as a result of the implementation of speech in the syntactic forms necessary for the author, in the vocabulary he needs. But sometimes attention goes directly to the sound. In this case, it is necessary to take into account what the author's attention is drawn to. If organized quantitative moments of pronunciation, then we get rhythmic speech; a set of methods for organizing rhythmic speech is eurythmy. If attention is directed to the quality of sounds, then we have euphony in the narrow sense of the word.
1. Acquaintance with the concept of "sound of speech".
The students, together with the teacher, listen to various sounds and, in a general conversation, establish the difference between physical sounds (knocking, creaking, etc.), animal sounds, and speech sounds. It turns out that the sounds of speech are peculiar only to humans.
We already know that speech is made up of words. Now let's try to determine what the words consist of.
The teacher refers to the words of different languages, presents to the students those of them that, having general meaning, are not at all similar in sound composition, for example: night and knight, ball and beat. Comparing them, students try to explain why they are not similar. The teacher, taking an active part in the general conversation, will salt them to the conclusion that these words consist of different sounds.
Now children can ask questions: what are speech sounds? How and with what help are they formed? Free replies to such questions will show the students' initial level of awareness of the concept of "sound" and their ability to feel articulation.
2. Observation of the sound composition of words.
The teacher invites the students to slowly pronounce the words, trying to stretch out each sound, and at the same time look at each other. You can also use small mirrors, looking and which students will be able to see the movements of the speech organs when pronouncing different sounds. In order for children to clearly notice the movements of the lips and tongue, you need to choose words, during the pronunciation of which these movements will be clearly visible, for example: milk, peacock.
The conclusion about the ways of pronouncing sounds is still being made in a free form: one of the children can say “the mouth says”, someone - the sounds are obtained because the lips and tongue move, etc. In subsequent lessons, the teacher leads the students to a more accurate understanding of the work of the articulatory and vocal apparatus.
3. Articulation gymnastics.
To successfully operate with sounds, you need to learn the pony-Mother and feel the movements of the lips and tongue, the work of the vocal cords. This is facilitated by the exercises of articulatory gymnastics, given on p. 158.
4. Observation of the mechanism of formation of individual speech sounds, participation of lips, tongue and voice.
Students, under the guidance of a teacher, pronounce different speech sounds, discuss and establish the method of formation of each of them: in what position are the lips and tongue in this case, whether the vocal cords are involved.
The features of pronunciation, for example, the sound [m] are considered. Lips tightly closed. Language does not play a decisive role. You can verify this by pronouncing a sound with the tongue raised up, lowered down or shifted to the side. work
So from the very beginning, on the example of acquaintance with voiced sounds, students are preparing for the assimilation of paired consonants. In conclusion, it is concluded that lips and voice are involved in the formation of sound, and the tongue lies calmly.
The pronunciation of the sound [s] is considered similarly. Here the tongue plays the main role: its tip rests on the lower teeth; if you change its position, the sound will not work. But the lips practically do not participate: the sound is obtained even when the lips are stretched out, with the lips stretched. The voice is also not involved. The sound [s] is pronounced only in a whisper, when you turn on the voice, another sound is obtained - [z].
Thus, the pronunciation of approximately six to eight sounds is analyzed. As a result, children, with the help of a teacher, conclude: each sound of speech is pronounced in its own way; if you change the position of the tongue, lips, turn the voice on or off, then the sound also changes.
Since in the future students will often return to observing the movements of the tongue, lips and the participation of the voice, it is advisable to introduce them to the term "articulation" - the work or position of the organs of speech when pronouncing speech sounds. But students should not be required to use this term in their own speech. It is enough if the teacher uses it, and the children understand it.
In conclusion, it is advisable to invite students to pronounce a few short words, first observing in the mirror how the lips and tongue move at the same time, and then pronounce the same words without a mirror, concentrating on the movements of their articulatory and vocal apparatus. Then once again repeat the general conclusion made earlier - words consist of sounds.
5. Acquaintance with the graphic representation of sounds.
The teacher asks the students to remember any sound, but not to say it out loud. After giving 10-20 seconds for reflection (a technique that teaches children to pause between a task or a question and an answer), the teacher invites one of the students to pronounce the sound he has conceived, for example [a].
This is followed by the task of thinking and naming two other sounds, performed in the same way as the first. Called student for example, sounds [y], [m].
How many sounds do you think Mitya and Alyosha made together? (Three.) Repeat these three sounds. ([a], [y], [m].)
Now remember and prepare to say three more new sounds. Be quiet until I ask one of you.
After a pause, one of the students pronounces, for example, the sounds [l], [n], [and].
Here, not everyone will be able to answer correctly: it is difficult for someone to count in the mind, and someone simply forgot the previous sounds. Now, if they were fixed on a board or on paper, then it would be easy to answer the question.
The teacher shows the students that the sound is indicated by a dot or a small circle. First, one sound was uttered, then Dna, then three. Their record looks like this: o o o o o o.
6. Formation of the ability to determine the number of sounds.
The teacher asks the students to listen to the sounds he makes and say how many sounds they heard: [a] [m]. (Two.) Both sounds are indicated in the notebook by circles located through the box.
And how many sounds did I utter now: [os]? (Also two.)
Skip three cells to the right and draw them on the same line next to each other, but without skipping a cell.
PHONETICS
Phonetics(from Greek - phone "sound") - a branch of the science of language that studies the sounds of speech. They are able to form words with the help of which objects are called, phenomena of the surrounding world: [a] + [k] + [n] - [oґ] - [ akno] = window; [k] + [a] + [c ’] + [o] + [p] - [kav'or] = carpet.
To accurately convey the sound of a word, a special phonetic notation is used - transcription(from Latin trans-criptio - “I rewrite”).
The main signs of transcription:
Transcription boundaries
[' ] - a sign of softness of a consonant [p'et'] - sing
[ j ’] - soft voiced consonant (yot) - pits
Sound is the smallest unit of spoken speech. In the sound of speech, acoustic, articulatory and semantic aspects are distinguished.
Acoustic side of sound perceived by ear. From this point of view, the sound can be high and low, strong and weak, high and low, etc.
Articulating side of sound This is the work of the organs of speech. For example, the sound [p] is formed by the vibration of the tip of the tongue, the sound [y] is formed with the help of the lips.
The semantic side sound lies in the fact that sound can distinguish between the sound shells of words and their forms (in this case it is denoted by the term phoneme). For example, sound shells of words com and catfish differ in phonemic sounds [k] and [s].
There are 42 sounds in Russian: 6 vowels and 36 consonants.
So, the shortest, minimal, non-segmented sound unit that stands out during the successive sound division of a word is called the sound of speech. The traditional classification of speech sounds is their division into vowels and consonants.
Consonant sounds and their classification
Consonants differ from vowels in the presence of noises that are formed in the oral cavity during pronunciation. Consonants differ: 1) by the participation of noise and voice, 2) by the place of noise formation, 3) by the method of noise formation, 4) by the absence or presence of softness.
Participation of noise and voice. According to the participation of noise and voice, consonants are divided into noisy and sonorous. Sonorant consonants formed with the help of voice and slight noise are called: [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [l], [l '], [p], [p ']. Noisy consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Noisy voiced consonants are [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [d], [e '], [g], [g '], [h] , [h'], [j], [dz], [j], formed by noise with the participation of the voice. To noisy deaf consonants include: [n], [n '] [f], [f '], [k], [k '], [t], [t '], [c], [s '], [w] , [w'], [x], [x'], [c], [h'], formed only with the help of one noise, without the participation of the voice.
The location of the noise. Depending on which active organ of speech (lower lip or tongue) dominates in the formation of sound, consonants are divided into labial and lingual. If we take into account the passive organ in relation to which the lip or tongue articulates, consonants can be labial - labial[b], [p], [m] and labial-dental[c], [f]. lingual divided into anterior lingual, middle lingual and posterior lingual. Frontlingual can be dental[t], [d], [s], [s], [c], [n], [l] and palatine-dental[h], [w], [g], [p]; middle language - palatal[j]; back-lingual - posterior palatine[g], [k], [x].
Noise generation methods. Depending on the difference in the methods of noise formation, consonants are divided into occlusive[b], [p], [d], [t], [g], [k], slotted[c], [f], [s], [h], [w], [g], [j], [x], affricates [c], [h], closure-through: nasal [n], [m], lateral, or oral, [l] and trembling (vibrants) [p].
Hardness and softness of consonants. The absence or presence of softness (palatalization) determines the hardness and softness of consonants. Palatalization(Latin palatum - hard palate) is the result of the midpalatal articulation of the tongue, complementing the main articulation of the consonant sound. Sounds produced with this additional articulation are called soft, and those formed without it - solid.
A characteristic feature of the consonant system is the presence in it of pairs of sounds correlative in deafness-voicedness and in hardness-softness. The correlation of paired sounds lies in the fact that in some phonetic conditions (before vowels) they differ as two different sounds, and in other conditions (at the end of a word) they do not differ and coincide in their sound. Wed . rose - dew and roses - grew [grew - grew]. So the paired consonants [b] - [p], [c] - [f], [d] - [t], [h] - [s], [g] - [w], [g] - [k], which, therefore, form correlative pairs of consonants in deafness-voicedness.
The correlative series of deaf and voiced consonants is represented by 12 pairs of sounds. Paired consonants are distinguished by the presence of a voice (voiced) or its absence (deaf). Sounds [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '], - unpaired voiced, [x], [c], [ h'] - unpaired deaf.
The hardness and softness of consonants, like deafness-voicedness, differs in some positions, but does not differ in others, which leads to the presence in the consonant system of a correlative series of hard and soft sounds. So, before the vowel [o], [l] - [l ’] are distinguished (cf .: lot-ice [lot - l’ot], and before the sound [e], not only [l] - [l ’], but also other paired hard-soft sounds are not distinguished (cf .: [l'es], [v'es], [b'es] etc.).
Vowel sounds and their classification
Vowel sounds differ from consonants in the presence of a voice - a musical tone and the absence of noise.
The existing classification of vowels takes into account the following conditions for the formation of vowels: 1) the degree of rise of the tongue, 2) the place of rise of the tongue, and 3) the participation or non-participation of the lips. The most significant of these conditions is the position of the tongue, which changes the shape and volume of the oral cavity, on the state of which the quality of the vowel depends.
According to the degree of vertical rise of the tongue, vowels of three degrees of rise are distinguished: high vowels[and], [s], [y]; mid vowels[e], [o]; low vowel[a].
The movement of the tongue horizontally leads to the formation of three rows of vowels: front vowels[and], [e]; middle vowels[s], [a] and back vowels[y], [o].
The participation or non-participation of lips in the formation of vowels is the basis for dividing vowels into labialized(rounded) [o], [y] and non-labialized(unrounded) [a], [e], [i], [s].