In the proposal, it acts as a circumstance.
Non-perfect participles are formed from imperfective verbs:
1) by adding inflectional suffixes -a / -ya, -uchi / -yuchi to the basis of the present tense
2) by adding suffixes -v, -lice to the base of the infinitive
Perfective gerunds are formed from the stem of the infinitive of the perfective verb by adding the suffixes -v, -vshi, -shi
Participles are deprived of the ability to express morphological temporal meanings, they are characterized only by the relative designation of time.
Imperfect participles denote an action simultaneous with the action of the verb-predicate:
sitting under the bushes, they smoke cigarettes - gerund participle "present time";
Trams rang, flying up to the square - "past tense"
We meet and greet each other - "future tense"
Perfect participles denote the time preceding the action of the verb-predicate: having a rest, he got ready to leave
The previous action can refer not only to the past tense, but also to the future: having a rest, he will leave
Imperfect participles, naming repeated actions with predicate verbs with the same meaning, can denote both previous and subsequent actions: getting up (previous) at dawn, shewent down to the kitchen and there she prepared a snack for tea; crestchose suitcase books,putting (subsequent) them on the shelf.
The perfect participle, standing after the verb-predicate, can denote an action simultaneous with the action of the verb: Bazarovcontinued to lie down into the wall, or the subsequent action, which is a consequence of the action expressed by the predicate: Under Ignatovfell horse,crushing his leg, or an action that quickly follows the action of the verb-predicate, but does not follow from it: Thatbowed to him,touching floor hand.
The immutability of gerunds and its syntactic role (circumstance) are the basis on which the transition of gerunds into adverbs takes place. This transition is facilitated by the absence of dependent words in the participle: - Why are you silent? - enjoysilently . When moving into adverbs, the gerund participle loses the meaning of an additional, accompanying action, loses all verbal categories, i.e. values of type, time, pledge and control. The participles that have become adverbs play the role of circumstances and characterize the action from a qualitative point of view: It is necessary to attackimmediately.
They can also be part of phraseological combinations: through the sleeves, teeming with swarming, as well as turns of the adverbial type: seems to be
Participles, as invariable forms of the verb, are deprived of the opportunity to express morphologically temporary meanings. Participles are characterized only by the relative designation of time. The imperfective gerund denotes an action simultaneous with the action of the verb-predicate: Sitting and lying under the bushes, they smoke cigarettes(M. G.) - gerunds of "present tense"; Trams deafening rang as they flew to the square(Cover.) - gerund participle of "past tense"; We meet and greet each other- gerund "future tense".
Perfect participles denote the time preceding the action of the verb-predicate: Rested, he got ready to leave(Fed.). The previous action can refer not only to the past tense, but also to the future: Having rested, he will leave. The specified relations in time between the gerund and the verb-predicate are the main ones. They may vary.
Imperfect gerunds, naming repeated actions with predicate verbs with the same meaning, can denote both previous and subsequent actions: getting up(prior action) at dawn, she went down to the kitchen and, together with the cook, prepared a snack for tea(M. G.); The Little Russian was choosing books from a suitcase, placing(subsequent action) them on the shelf by the oven(M. G.). Denoting the preceding action (1st sentence), the gerund usually precedes the verb; when denoting the subsequent action (2nd sentence), the gerund is placed after the verb.
The perfect participle, standing after the verb-predicate, can denote an action simultaneous with the action of the verb: Bazarov continued to lie down into the wall(T.), or a subsequent action that is a consequence of the action expressed by the predicate; A horse fell under Ignatov, crushing his leg(L. T.), or an action that quickly follows the action of the verb-predicate, but does not follow from it: He bowed to him, touching the floor with his hand(M. G.).
The immutability of the gerund and its syntactic role (circumstance) are the basis on which the transition of gerunds into adverbs takes place. This transition is facilitated by the absence of dependent words in the participle: - Why are you silent? - enjoy silently(P.). When moving into adverbs, the gerund participle loses the meaning of an additional, accompanying action, loses all verbal categories, i.e. values of type, time, pledge and control: Neither bread nor clothes are obtained lying down(D. Bed.). The participles (usually imperfective), which have become adverbs, play the role of a circumstance and characterize the action from a qualitative point of view: Must come on immediately(Furm.).
Participles that have passed into adverbs can be part of phraseological combinations: sleeveless, arms folded etc. This also includes combinations: swarming teeming, pouring pouring, burning hot etc., as well as turns of the adverbial type: seems to be; as a matter of fact etc.
A gerund is an unchangeable verb form denoting an additional action and combining the features of a verb and an adverb.
Adverbial properties of adverbs include:
1) immutability and
2) the syntactic function of the circumstance of the mode of action, time, reason, purpose, condition or concession.
Adjacent to the verb, which in the sentence expresses the main action, the gerund expresses a secondary, accompanying action, therefore it is often called a secondary predicate.
As a rule, gerunds adjoin the personal forms of the verb, but they can also accompany the infinitive and participle:
He went, staggering and supporting his head with the palm of his left hand ... (M. G.).
It is inexplicably good to sail along the Volga, sitting at the helm at the stern (M. G.).
To his left sat a slender, ruddy Georgian princess, smiling all the time (L.T.).
The participles have the following verb features:
1) are formed only from verbs;
2) retain the LZ of the generating verb;
3) retain such grammatical categories of the verb as aspect, transitivity, voice.
However, it should be noted that gerunds of the passive voice are not formed in Russian, since the gerund participle denotes a procedural sign of the subject, and verbs passive voice- attribute of the object:
to please (DZ) - to please (DZ)
to wash (VZ) - washing (VZ)
sit (non-collateral) - sitting (non-collateral).
4) like verbs, gerunds are combined with adverbs and adverbial combinations, and also govern nouns in oblique cases ( read quickly - read quickly, get up at dawn - getting up at dawn).
2. Formation of gerunds
Like verbs, gerunds can be perfective and imperfective.
Participles imperfect form formed from the base present tense verb with a suffix -and I):blinking - blinking, grumbling - grumbling.
The following groups of verbs do not form imperfect participles:
1) verbs with a monosyllabic stem ending in -a in the infinitive ( call, tear, wait, neigh). exception: rush - rush, rush - rush;
2) verbs with a monosyllabic stem ending in –i ( beat, pour, sew);
3) non-productive verbs with duration suffix –nu- ( wither, wither, wither);
4) verbs in -ch in an indefinite form, with the basis of the present tense in -g, k, x ( oven, shear, guard);
5) verbs with the stem of the present tense ending in sibilant ( knit, cut, write, wave);
6) verbs, the basis of the present tense of which consists only of consonants ( reap, mush);
7) verbs crave, climb, ride, sing, rot, chill;
8) impersonal verbs like shines, drizzles.
if the verb has the suffix -va-, then the imperfect participle is formed from the stem of the infinitive, and not the present tense ( create - create - creating).
Verb to be forms a gerund with the suffix -uchi ( being). Forms of other participles with the suffix -uchi are characterized by folk-poetic coloring:
Effortlessly on boarded roofs,
Gray clouds are dispersing,
The scarlet dawn rises (L.).
Participles perfect look formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -in, -lice(after a vowel) -shi(after consonant): jump in - dropping in, disappear - having disappeared, grow up - grown up.
The suffix -lice is of little use; it is obligatory only for gerunds with the postfix -sya ( returning, laughing, looking).
Unproductive verbs with the suffix -nu- and verbs in -er(t) form parallel forms of gerunds from the stems of the infinitive and the past tense ( dry - dry, dry, dry - dry).
There is a group of verbs (with a stem in a consonant, except for -g, k, x; verbs in -it), from which the perfective participles are formed using the suffix -а (-я), which is attached to the base of the simple future tense ( read - having read (having read), forgive - saying goodbye (having said goodbye)).
Two-spectrum verbs have two gerunds: with the suffix -а (-я) to express the meaning of the imperfect aspect and the suffix -в to express the meaning of the perfect aspect ( to attack - attacking, attacking; to investigate – to investigate, to investigate).
The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function
gerund - a special verb form that denotes an action that is additional in relation to the predicate, answers questions doing what? having done what? and combines the features of a verb and an adverb. In a sentence gerunds are the circumstances: Squealing, a heavy winch is crawling... (G. Ivanov).
Signs of the verb and adverb in the gerund
Verb Features | Adverb signs |
Kind (perfect and imperfect): deciding- deciding by playing- having played. | Immutability (like an adverb, the gerund does not change and is associated with other words by way of adjunction). |
Transitivity / intransitivity: reading(what?) book- doing. | Syntactic function (like an adverb, a gerund in a sentence is a circumstance). |
Return / non-return: dressing- getting dressed. | |
The ability to be defined by an adverb: understand correctly- correctly understanding, understanding. |
gerund does not have a category of time, but it expresses relative time: simultaneity with the action called the verb-predicate, or its precedence
Ranks of gerunds by meaning, the formation of gerunds
Participles imperfect form denote an additional action that occurs simultaneously with the main action, called the predicate: So the young rake thought, flying in the dust on the mail... (A. Pushkin)
Participles imperfective forms are formed from the basis of the present tense of imperfective verbs with the help of a suffix -a (i): cry- crying, looking - looking, dancing jut - dancing (danceja]).
Verbs with suffix -va-, which falls in the present tense, this suffix is retained in the participle: recognized jut- recognizing-t - recognizing (recognizing [ j- a]).
Some imperfective verbs do not form gerunds: verbs in -ch (to preserve, bake, shear); verbs with suffix -well- (sour, freeze), some monosyllabic verbs (sew, sing, wait, lie and etc.).
Participles from verbs to be and steal have a suffix -learn-: being, stealthily.
Participles perfect look denote an additional action preceding the main action, called the predicate: ... And, sitting under a pine tree, he eats porridge ... (A. Tvardovsky).
Participles perfective forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive of perfective verbs with the help of suffixes -in, -lice(with this suffix gerunds formed from reflexive verbs), -shi: say- saying wash up- wash up, get in- get in.
Participles perfect form can also be formed from the basis of the simple future tense using the suffix -a(s): will read- read, find- finding. Particularly common gerunds perfect view of -and I) in stable combinations: hand on heart; with folded hands; sleeveless, headlong, reluctantly and etc.
Features of the use of gerunds
gerund with dependent words forms participial turnover .
gerund and participial turnover, denoting an additional (accompanying) action, adjoin the verb-predicate, which names the main action in the sentence. But this additional action must necessarily be performed by the subject (person) who is named the subject of this sentence: The boys dispersed dogs, taking a young lady under her cover (A. Pushkin).
A common mistake is to use gerunds and adverbial revolutions, the additional action of which is performed by a person or object that is not the subject of the predicate in this sentence: Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, I hat came off(A. Chekhov).
Participles and adverbial phrases can also be used in impersonal sentences, but only in those where there is a character indicated by the dative case: In preparation for the exam, I had to go to the library often.
The actor may not be named in the sentence, but it is indicated by the value gerunds and the predicate in this impersonal sentence.
Participles and adverbs
Participles may lose the meaning and grammatical features of the verb and turn into adverbs. In this case gerunds cease to be signs of an additional action, their qualitative meaning (the meaning of the attribute of action) is enhanced in them. For example: He sat bent over; She walked slowly ; Dmitry listened to him frowning(M. Gorky).
Some gerunds have already moved into adverbs, losing the value of the additional action: listened silently ; writes With walking, standing; reading lying down ; says chokingly(= incomprehensible, fast); answered without thinking(= fast); spoke slowly(= slowly); stood stretched out(= straight); answered reluctantly(= sluggish); lives playfully (- easy, carefree) speaks incessantly(= non-stop); said loving(= kindly).
Morphological analysis of the participle includes the selection of two permanent features (type, immutability). The gerund has no non-permanent signs, since it is an invariable form. Verbal signs (transitivity - intransitivity, recurrence - irreversibility) can be included in morphological analysis of the participle.
Scheme of morphological analysis of gerunds. I. Part of speech (a special form of the verb). II. Morphological features. 1. Initial form (indefinite form of the verb). 2. Permanent signs: 2) immutable form. III. syntax function. | An example of the morphological analysis of the participle. I. stumbling- gerund, a special form of the verb, as it denotes an additional action. II. Morphological features. 1. The initial form is to stumble. 2.Permanent signs: 1) imperfect view; 2) immutable form. III. syntax function. In the sentence, it is a circumstance of the course of action: ran (in what way?) Stumbling. |
Term "germs" appeared in the 17th century. It consists of two parts: dee- (action) and participle. That is it form, "involved" in the action. And the truth: gerund denotes an additional action of the verb in the sentence, combining grammatical features of the verb and adverb, so this form is sometimes called verbal adverb.
The formation of gerunds has its own characteristics that must be taken into account.
1. From the basis of the present tense of imperfective verbs are formed imperfective participles. Suffix used -and I). They start - starting, do - doing, play - playing.
Some imperfective verbs form gerunds with the suffix -uchi (-yuchi): walking, riding, being, playing, pitying, sneaking.
But in the literary language, the forms on -uchi (-yuchi) have not been widely adopted. Most often, these forms are used by us d To stylize folk and ancient speech and are perceived as obsolete.
It is necessary to pay attention to how forms of gerunds are formed from some verbsin: sprinkle - rash(allowed - rash), swim - swimming, climb - climb, suffer - suffering(in art style speech can be found suffering), pay attention - pay attention and listening(obsolete) waving - waving(allowed - masha), pinch - pinch.
Some imperfective verbs cannot have gerunds. As a rule, gerunds are not formed from verbs that do not have vowels in the present tense (for example, drive - bend - rot). The form rot- dissonant, therefore it is not used in modern Russian.
These verbs include: sew, beat, rub, twist, weave, lie, sleep, bend, send, eat, tear, reap b (hand), drink, harvest b (rye), crush, wait, pour, burn, lie.
From verbs with alternating consonants h–f, s–w it is impossible to form adverbial forms in the basics of the present tense and the infinitive, or these forms are of little use (for example, scratch - scratch - scratch). The form scale is not grammatically correct.
This applies to verbs such as scratch, weigh, cut, knit, dance, seem, lick, mow.
From imperfective verbs to -nut and on -whose forms of gerunds are not formed.
These are verbs pull, protect, sink, burn, smell, be able, get wet, bake, freeze, whip, grow stronger, guard, deaf, shear, go out, flow, wither.
Also imperfective participles should not form from the following verbs: want, arrest, shame, run, be born, stab, sing, climb, plow. 
2. From the basis of the past tense or the infinitive of perfective verbs are formed perfect participles. Commonly used suffix -in: sold - sold, made - done.
Suffixes can also be used -and I) or - lice, - shi (divided - dividing, enter - entering; fall in love - falling in love, turn around - turning around).
In the vast majority of cases, the literary language uses forms with the suffix -in because they are shorter and sweeter. M. Gorky opposed the excessively frequent use of forms with suffixes - lice, - shi, comparing these suffixes to "lice" that crawl across the page, and strongly advised avoiding such forms. However, keep in mind that reflexive verbs usually have only one form - looking back, thinking. Suffix -shi used instead of a suffix -in when forming gerunds from many verbs with a stem into a consonant: grow up - grow up; pasture - pasture.
In the XIX - early XX in suffix -and I) used quite often for education perfective gerunds(noticing - noticing, tilting - tilting, putting - putting). In modern Russian, many of these forms have fallen into disuse, but they can be found in the literary texts of that era, for example, by M. Gorky.
3. When forming gerunds, one of the main mistakes is using one suffix instead of another.
Let's consider the offer. Putting the forks on the table, she went to see if the hot meal was ready. Form used put with suffix -a instead of correct form putting with suffix -in.
Quite often, errors of this kind are encountered when using phraseological units. In some phraseological units, we can meet obsolete forms of gerunds ( head down, hand on heart). And here an irregular form is often admitted, saying " outlining the heads at" or " putting your hand on your heart».
Also, in colloquial speech, one can regularly observe the grammatically incorrect formation of gerunds from verbs, from which it is generally impossible to form gerunds in the literary language ( Sleeping, the puppy seemed to be running somewhere).
4. And, of course, we must not forget about the topic of using participle turnover in speech.
How much has been written about gerund denotes an additional action, means, the main and additional action must be performed by the same object, but errors still occur with frightening regularity.
Read the following examples. Each of them has the same mistake: the incorrect use of the adverbial turnover.
Reading, I was interested.(Who read it? There is no pronoun “I” in the sentence, and the form “me” is not a character)
Sitting at the window, a sparrow flew into the room.(Sparrow was sitting by the window?)
Studying with the teacher, he really wanted to eat(Who was involved? There is no pronoun “he” in the sentence, and the form “him” is not an active person)
Hurrying home, he lost his mitten.(Mitten hurried home?)
Working on the machine, he had a headache.(Did the head work on the machine?)
I hope you smiled after reading these sentences, and you yourself will not make mistakes in the formation and use of gerunds.
Good luck to you and a beautiful, rich, correct Russian language!
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