– this is the practical part of the educational process in a higher or secondary specialized educational institution, taking place in organizations in real work activities. The practice is designed to consolidate the acquired theoretical knowledge and skills necessary for the assignment of qualifications and final certification of the student as a specialist. The results of practical training are assessed in accordance with the standards adopted by the educational institution and fit into the educational process.
Student
Industrial practice for a student often becomes the starting point of his professional career. The most common mistake students make is to formally treat the internship process as just another learning task. To get the maximum benefit from practice, you need to have the right attitude and understand that this is a unique opportunity to “test the waters” while still under the wing of your educational institution. Having significantly saved time and effort in this way, you will not make unnecessary moves after graduating from university and will know exactly where to go next.
What opportunities does internship give a student:
consolidate theoretical knowledge;
apply knowledge and skills in practice;
navigate the real work process and see the pitfalls of the chosen specialty that are not visible in theory;
directly contact the professional community;
gain skills in job search and communication with employers;
gain experience interacting with an experienced professional mentor;
understand as early as possible that the specialty or even the field was chosen incorrectly and does not meet your requirements for the profession;
navigate the profession and decide;
“test” the market and understand what is in demand and what still needs to be learned;
find a workplace suitable for starting a career;
gain initial experience, which young specialists so lack when applying for a job after training, and make their first entry in the work book;
achieve your first successes and demonstrate your abilities in your chosen specialty to your future employer.
Students undergo practical training in their senior years at universities, when a specialty has already been chosen, and usually the topic of the practical training is correlated with the knowledge and skills acquired in the semester. The internship takes place on the premises of real enterprises with which the university has a preliminary agreement. The direction of the organization's activities must correspond to the student's specialization. The student has the right to choose the practice base that suits him, and the university must provide a list of possible options. If a student is already working according to his profile, then he has the right to undergo an internship at his current place of work.
During the internship, the student must keep a diary, which is signed by the supervisor of his internship. At the end of the internship, its results are assessed along with exams and tests and are noted in the grade book. Also, the student’s work is assessed by the management of the practical base where he worked and issues a reference. The direction of practical training can be technological (direct practical work, acquisition of skills) and research or pre-graduation (conducting scientific research on practical material).
The legal side of the issue must be defined in the regulatory documents of the university, and is also regulated by the relevant articles of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. The working day of a student trainee from 16 to 18 years old should be no more than 36 hours per week (Article 92 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation) and for those over 18 years of age no more than 40 hours per week (Article 91 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). During the internship period, students are subject to the internal regulations adopted by the organization and general labor protection rules. If an intern is hired for the duration of the internship, he receives all the rights of an employee: the right to receive a salary, the right to paid leave, to disability benefits, etc. He is also assigned the duties corresponding to the employee.
To the employer
Despite the fact that student interns are quite a troublesome matter for an organization, industrial practice has undeniable advantages for the company. By becoming a base of practice and interacting with a specialized educational institution, the organization gets the opportunity to:
“educate” young specialists to suit yourself, training them in accordance with the requirements and specifics necessary for your organization;
adjust the educational programs of specialized universities, interacting with them.
The legal side of the process of registering a trainee has a number of difficulties, which, however, are quite surmountable. The main problem for personnel officers is the lack of an article clearly regulating the hiring of a trainee. The concept of an agreement between a student and an organization in the event of an internship is absent in principle. In this situation, there are two options.
1. Concluding an employment contract with a trainee. In the case of industrial practice and if there is a corresponding vacancy in the company, the student is hired on the basis of a fixed-term employment contract and enters into labor relations with the organization. The rationale for concluding an agreement can be formulated in accordance with Article 59 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation approximately as follows: “An employment contract is concluded for the duration of industrial practice.” If this is the first official employment for a student, then he needs to have a work record book and a certificate of pension insurance (Article 65 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). From the moment the contract is concluded, the trainee is vested with all the corresponding rights and responsibilities of a full-fledged employee.
2. Registration of an intern without admission to the staff. If the agreement between the educational institution and the employer initially stipulates that students undergo internships without official employment, and if there are no vacancies, then the student does not receive a specific job function, but is in practice more for informational purposes, and does not bear responsibility like an employee. However, the internal regulations in force at the enterprise and labor protection rules apply to it. To enroll students at the enterprise, an order is issued, which specifies all the necessary details (names of students, terms and purposes of the internship, order of completion, responsible mentor, etc.).
If a student is already working, and the profile of his work corresponds to the specialty for which he is studying, then he can do an internship at his place of work, providing the appropriate certificate to the university.
Thus, internship is a mutually beneficial event for both students and employers, helping them get to know each other and begin professional interaction.
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It is no secret that even well-structured theoretical training is not capable of replacing the skills and knowledge acquired as a result of real activities, acquired through trial and error. In order to improve the qualifications of graduates and their value in the labor market, internships are organized at the enterprise for students. The obligation to carry it out is regulated by law, and the rules and methods of implementation are prescribed by the educational institution based on the characteristics of the educational programs being implemented.
The subtleties of organizing practical training for university students are prescribed in the Regulations on Practice, adopted by Order of the Ministry of Education No. 1154 of 2003. The document protects the legitimate interests of students and the right to receive a high-quality theoretical and practical basis. It highlights the following points that the design of production practice must meet:
- During its completion, students are required to receive a stipend. It does not matter whether they receive a salary at the place of temporary employment.
- The practice is organized on the basis of agreements concluded by universities, colleges and technical schools with companies of a certain type of activity and industry focus.
- If the internship involves leaving the region where the educational institution is located, the university is obliged to reimburse its student the full cost of round-trip tickets and pay travel allowances for days of absence in the amount of 50% of the norm established by law for employees of enterprises.
The “rules of the game” for colleges and technical schools organizing internships are established by Order of the Ministry of Education No. 1991 of 1999. They are similar to the principles in force for universities.
How does educational practice differ from industrial practice?
Practice, organized to strengthen and deepen theoretical knowledge, is possible in three formats:
- Educational – aims to strengthen the theoretical basis acquired by students, instill skills in independent and research work, and introduce them to modern equipment. Such programs are developed for junior students. The main activities for their implementation are excursions to production, observation of the company’s work, consultations with its specialists, and practical activities in the workplace.
- Training and production – most often carried out in the 3rd-4th year. Its goal is to introduce the student to the content of the future profession. To do this, he goes to the enterprise, where he plays the role of assistant to the main specialist (for example, assistant accountant, assistant marketing specialist, etc.).
- Production – intended for senior students. They become fully involved in work at a specific site within the chosen specialty, learn management and control in accordance with a plan and schedule drawn up in advance. The knowledge and skills acquired during practice can later be used when writing a thesis.
As a rule, any type of practice is preceded by a meeting-conference with the supervisor, at which the purpose of the upcoming event, its meaning and schedule are brought to the attention of students. At the end of the cycle, students prepare and submit reports to teachers describing the acquired knowledge and experience.
What is the difference between industrial practice and pre-graduation?
Conclusions drawn during practical training can be used to write a final work for a master's or bachelor's degree. However, it is not always final for the educational cycle and therefore is not always called pre-diploma.
One of the main tasks of the pre-diploma cycle is to conduct analytics and research, draw conclusions on the basis of which a diploma will subsequently be written. The cycle is intended to become the logical conclusion of educational training, an impetus for the student into a successful professional life.
The tasks of the cycle are:
- consolidate the knowledge and experience gained during industrial practice;
- collect empirical information that will form the basis for writing a thesis.
Registration of internship for students: example
The legislation provides for two options for registration of internship: in the form of a contract between the student and a temporary employer or (suz) and a company ready to hire young personnel. You can use any of these formats.
According to current legislation, the organization of practice provided for by the educational program is carried out on the basis of agreements between a university or secondary educational institution and companies of the corresponding profile.
Organizations that take students under their wing are required to enter into employment contracts with them only if there are vacant positions. The law allows for the possibility of registering a student as a member of an organization’s staff only if the position offered to him corresponds to the internship program.
The company has no right to enter into an employment agreement with a student for an indefinite period. It must be urgent and justify the need for employment. For example, the document states: “The agreement was concluded for three months for the purpose of pre-graduation internship.”
A large number of nuances when registering students traditionally raises questions and ambiguities among “urgent” employers. Let's look at the subtleties of formalizing emerging legal relations using examples.
Situation 1
Student Ivanov A.B. asks to join the Romashka company for free internship. He needs to gain knowledge and experience to write his thesis. Is it necessary to conclude a fixed-term employment contract with him?
According to Art. 37 of the Russian Constitution, any work must be paid no less than the minimum level established by law. This means that you cannot enter into an employment agreement that involves working for free.
The law does not oblige Romashka to sign an agreement with an intern. He can undergo training at the company without this document.
Situation 2
There are no open vacancies at Gamma. The company takes on internships for university and technical school students. Should she formalize pre-diploma internship with employment contracts? What should be included in the admission order?
Since the organization does not have open positions, it is not obliged to enter into employment contracts with students. They can work on the basis of an order. In the latter, it is unacceptable to use the wording “Hire without admission to the staff.” The best option is to indicate that the person is being accepted for industrial (pre-graduation) internship.
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Criteria for assessing internships and defending reports
Based on the results of mastering the internship program, students submit a report, a diary and a review of the student trainee from the head of the practice base to the graduating department.
At the end of the internship, the student defends a diary, a report (according to the “Regulations on student practice” dated 09/01/11) with a differentiated assessment in the presence of a commission appointed by the dean of the faculty. The commission for the protection of diary reports must consist of at least two members. Depending on the place where the diary-report is protected, it includes: the head of practice from the department, the head of practice from the practice base, and a teacher. The head of practice from the department is part of the commission when defending reports at the enterprise. Defense of diary reports is carried out at the enterprise (group of 3-5 students) or at the department (if the group is located at different objects of practice). At practice bases, the defense must be carried out on the last day of practice. At the institute, the chairman of the commission for the protection of diaries-reports on practice is the head of the graduating department.
When assessing the results of a student’s work in practice, the content and correctness of the student’s diary and practice report, feedback from the internship supervisors from the organization - place of internship and department, and the quality of answers to questions during the defense of the report are taken into account.
Registered and protected diaries and reports are stored at the department for three years in accordance with the nomenclature of cases.
Certification of a student based on the results of practical training is carried out only after submitting practical documents to the department and actually defending the report.
The test (with assessment) based on the results of the practice is accepted by a commission appointed by the head of the department and consisting of teachers-supervisors of the practice. The defense of the practice report, as a rule, is a short, 8-10-minute report by the student and his answers to questions from committee members.
After defending the report, the head of practice from the department gives his opinion on filling out the diary, report, implementation of the practice program and gives a differentiated assessment on the results on a five-point scale (5 “excellent”, 4 “good”, 3 “satisfactory”, 2 “unsatisfactory”). The grade is simultaneously entered into the student’s transcript, grade book and report form.
Educational practice is a type of educational work aimed at expanding and consolidating theoretical knowledge acquired in the learning process, acquiring and improving practical skills in the chosen educational program, and preparing for future professional activities.
Students' educational practice is carried out in the following forms:
Working with the empirical base of research in accordance with the chosen profile of the direction “Economics” (drawing up a program and plan for empirical research, setting and formulating tasks for empirical research, determining the object of empirical research, choosing an empirical research methodology, studying methods for collecting and analyzing empirical data);
Mastering observation, experiment and modeling techniques;
Preparation of arguments for scientific discussion, including public;
Study of reference and bibliographic systems, methods of searching for information;
Acquiring skills in working with bibliographic reference books, compiling scientific bibliographic lists, using bibliographic descriptions in scientific works;
Work with electronic databases of domestic and foreign library collections;
Main objectives of the practice:
Obtaining an idea of the current level of functioning of the financial and economic system of the Russian Federation and the directions of their development;
Introduction to the role of an economist in the state financial flow management system;
Familiarization with state requirements for the content and level of professional preparedness of an economist in this specialty;
Introduction to the basics of bibliography and library science, library information systems.
Contents of the practice: study of state requirements for the content and level of professional preparedness of an economist in the field of “Economics” in modern conditions; completing an individual task: compiling a bibliographic review of ten sources of articles, periodicals on a selected topic (author, title of article, journal number or monograph, year of publication and short abstract);
Upon completion of the internship, the student submits to the teacher - the internship supervisor a diary of the internship and a report containing the results of the classes and individual work
Research topics:
1. Development of consumer credit in the Russian Federation.
2. Development of leasing in the Russian Federation.
3.Financing of housing construction (mortgages and other forms).
4. Reform of housing and communal services.
5. Reforming the pension system of the Russian Federation.
6. Investments in the real sector of the economy (loans, issue of corporate securities).
7.Financing of education, healthcare, etc.
8.Functioning of financial and industrial groups in Russia.
9. Taxation of the Russian Federation and reform of the tax system.
10. Budget system of the Russian Federation and problems of its development.
11. Development of the consumer market in the Russian Federation.
12. Sales activities of enterprises.
13. Personnel management at the enterprise.
14. Taxation of enterprises.
15. Pricing policy and tactics at enterprises.
You need to choose one of the topics you like and make a bibliographic review of 10 articles on the selected topic.
The review proceeds as follows:
Search for articles on your topic in journals over the past 3 years (Economic Issues, Finance, Finance and Credit, Money and Credit, Russian Economic Journal, ECO, Expert, Expert of the Urals, etc.).
Educational practice is a mandatory element of monitoring knowledge and experience in its application for students who have already begun studying professional disciplines. Most often, it is introduced into the second-year curriculum of secondary specialized educational institutions and the third - in higher educational institutions. Why does a student need educational practice?
The purpose of educational practice is to deepen the acquired theoretical concepts, more detailed specialization, and gain practical experience (in real conditions or its model within the framework of educational practice within the walls of a university, college, or technical school).
Program and methodology of educational practice
The standard scheme involves issuing assignments to students in certain blocks. If pre-diploma practice most often covers the entire course of knowledge, then academic practice in the discipline concerns individual sections and topics. So-called modular blocks are possible, in which tasks are developed according to several adjacent profiles, complementing and specifying each other. In the process of completing them, students:
Evaluate the correctness of approaches and their understanding of the subject;
- learn to implement the learned theory for practical purposes;
- analyze the results obtained;
- draw conclusions, systematize and formalize the collected material.
As a rule, such tasks involve further protection. That is, answers to questions from teachers/commission about the work done. In order to cope with this task, it is advisable to write a brief description of the main points. These are accents and conclusions, presented in a concise form on the most significant aspects of the work. This “home preparation” will allow you to easily cope with the protection stage.
Difficulties encountered by students
They depend on the discipline, specialization, profession. But there are also general points that all students, without exception, pay attention to. This:
1. Formal requirements. That is, the direct rules for preparing a report. It is especially difficult for students mastering creative or blue-collar professions to comply with all the limits.
2. Compliance with the logical structure, formation and emphasis on the relationships between theory and practice.
3. Use of an official business style in creating documents.
To understand the essence of what is required and easily cope with the task, it is advisable to evaluate how professionals do it. A lot of useful information and ready-made solutions are available at https://www.napishem.by/zakaz/otchet-po-praktike.html, the affordable cost of the practice report on this resource has made it popular among students.
It is not necessary to use the finished work; you can take it as a sample, a clear example that guarantees successful completion of the test and obtaining a high result.
Students have a huge number of different forms of learning and cognition. These include lectures, seminars and practical classes, colloquiums, round tables and conferences. But also an important element from a practical point of view for each specialty is industrial practice, which gives the student the opportunity to understand what he will do after leaving the walls of his educational institution.
For whom?
If anyone thinks that industrial practice exists only for students of higher educational institutions, do not relax. Everyone who receives a specialty, be it a university, vocational school or college student, will learn the practical side of their profession during their studies. It is also worth remembering that you don’t just need to come to production and see how things are done, you will need to delve into the process, and subsequently provide a practice diary, as well as a report on the knowledge gained. In some educational institutions, there is a general discussion of what happened during practical training for each student.
The location of the practical training is also important. Where can industrial practice take place? Most often, the educational institution itself sends its students to one or another enterprise. But there are situations when a student himself looks for a place to gain knowledge and learn the practical side of his specialty. It is worth noting that in some situations, if a student performs well during an internship, he may be offered a position as an employee of this organization after completing his training.
Any practical training that a student undergoes must be accompanied by a set of certain documents. Thus, an important element is the practice diary, where the student will record all significant moments of work in production. In the short time that the student will spend at the workplace, he is obliged to comprehend all the main components of work in this specialty that he will have to encounter in his working life.
A report on industrial practice is also important (whether it be management or another specialty is not important). It is compiled in accordance with the established form and should not be too extensive; for this purpose there is a diary, and sometimes coursework or abstract work, which is often required from a student within the walls of an educational institution. It is worth noting that the report on the production practice of an economist, chemist or builder is practically no different; the same lines and items are filled out.
Important points
In order for a student to undergo practical training, the management of the organization where he is sent is obliged to provide appropriate working conditions and secure the place of his work or training. In addition, the manager (who is assigned to each trainee) is obliged to qualitatively present all the information necessary for understanding the production process, and provide all the necessary materials for training. After undergoing practical training, a student must understand the practical aspects of his specialty, know some of the nuances of the profession and be aware of what awaits him in his work path after completing his studies.