VOSTOKOV (pseudonym; real name Ostenek) Alexander Khristoforovich, Russian philologist, paleographer, poet, translator, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1841), real state councilor (1843). In 1794-1802 he studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. Secretary of the Free Society of Lovers of Literature, Sciences and Arts (since 1802). In 1803-44 he served in various state-owned places, including from 1815 in the Imperial Public Library (in 1828-44 he was the keeper of manuscripts), from 1831 he was a senior librarian at the Rumyantsev Museum. Since 1820, a member of the Russian Academy. In 1839-45 the editor-in-chief of the Archaeographic Commission. Proceedings on comparative grammar of the Slavic languages, grammar of the Russian language, lexicography of the Church Slavonic and Russian languages, paleography.
The founder of comparative-historical linguistics in Russia (“Discourse on the Slavic language ...”, 1820); singled out 3 periods in the history of the Slavic languages, established a phonetic correspondence in the field of vowels between the Slavic languages as proof of their primordial closeness; discovered the existence of nasal vowels in Old Church Slavonic. The study of grammar was based on a living spoken language.
Vostokov put forward a number of promising ideas in the field of studying Russian syntax: he proposed a new understanding of the most commonly used types of sentences as binary (two-part), raised the question of the forms of expression of a compound predicate, showed the variety of nominal, verbal and adverbial types of phrases, made valuable observations in the field of word arrangement. He singled out the nouns singularia tantum and pluralia tantum (see Number), nouns of the general gender, etc.
Vostokov prepared and implemented in 1843 the first scientific edition of the Ostromirov Gospel. "Description of Russian and Slovene Manuscripts of the Rumyantsev Museum" (1842), compiled by Vostokov, contained a fundamental paleographic, archaeological and literary description of 473 monuments of the Old Russian language.
He made his debut as a poet in 1802; author of the collection "Experiences lyrical and other small works in verse" (parts 1-2, 1805-06). An experimental poet, Vostokov, turning directly to the ancient classics, created Russian equivalents to the ancient logaeda (“Vision on a May Night”, etc.). Another area of interest for Vostokov was the Russian "folk" meter: a 4-foot trochee with non-rhyming dactylic endings ("Pevislad and Zora") and a tonic tact player ("Russian Rivers", "Serbian Songs"). Vostokov's poetic experiments, which expanded the boundaries of poetic thinking in an era when a new canon of artistic taste was being established in relation to the classic, are theoretically substantiated by him in the "Experience on Russian versification" (1812, separate edition - 1817), where for the first time the connection between the properties of languages and systems is outlined. versification and developed the tonic theory of Russian folk verse.
Cit.: Russian grammar of A. Vostokov, according to the outline of his own Abbreviated Grammar, more fully stated. SPb., 1831. 12th ed. SPb., 1874; Dictionary of the Church Slavonic language. SPb., 1858-1861. T. 1-2; Grammar of the Church Slavonic language, set out according to the most ancient written monuments thereof. SPb., 1863; Philological observations. St. Petersburg, 1865 (bibl.); Poems. M., 1935.
Lit .: Karelkin N. P. A. Kh. Vostokov, his scientific and literary activity // Otechestvennye zapiski. 1855. T. 98. No. 1; Grotto Ya. K. A. Kh. Vostokov // Slavic Review. 1892. No. 4; Maykov L. N. To the biography of A. Kh. Vostokov. SPb., 1896; Orlov V. N. Russian enlighteners of the 1790-1800s, 2nd ed. M., 1953; Amirova T. A., Olkhovikov B. A., Rozhdestvensky Yu. V. Essays on the history of linguistics. M., 1975; Zeitlin R.M. Academician of the Vostokov as a Slavist // Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1982. No. 2; Golubeva O. D. Vostokov A. Kh. // Employees of the Russian National Library - workers of science and culture: Biographical Dictionary. SPb., 1995. Vol. 1; Kolesov VV History of Russian linguistics. St. Petersburg, 2002; Sreznevsky I. I. Review of the scientific works of A. Kh. Vostokov. SPb., 1865.
T. A. Golikova, A. P.
famous philologist. Born in Ahrensburg, on the island of Ezele, March 16, 1781 in the German Ostenek family. His original spoken language was German; but for seven years he knew Russian and listened to the tales of the garrison sergeant Savely. Given away… Biographical Dictionary
Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov Alexander Voldemar Ostenek A. Kh. Vostokov. Miniature of the 1800s Date of birth: March 16 (27) ... Wikipedia
Vostokov Alexander Khristoforovich- real name Ostenek (1781 1864), Russian philologist, paleographer, poet, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1841). He laid the foundations of Slavic and comparative linguistics, the foundations of grammatical theory in Russia. Works on comparative grammar ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Big biographical encyclopedia
Vostokov Alexander Khristoforovich- Vostokov (pseudonym; real name Ostenek) Alexander Khristoforovich, Russian Slavic philologist, poet. Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1841). Studied in Petersburg in ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
VOSTOKOV Alexander Khristoforovich- VOSTOKOV (real name Ostenek) Alexander Khristoforovich (1781 1864) Russian philologist, poet, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1841). Researcher of Russian tonic versification, monuments of ancient Slavic writing, Slavic grammar, including ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
VOSTOKOV Alexander Khristoforovich- (1781-1864), Russian poet, philologist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1841). Sat. “Experiments lyrical and other small works in verse” (parts 1-2, 1805-06), “Experience on Russian versification” (1812, separate ed. 1817), “Reasoning about the glory ... ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary
Vostokov Alexander Khristoforovich- famous philologist; genus. in Ahrensburg, on the island of Ezele, March 16, 1781 in the German Ostenek family. His original spoken language was German; but already for seven years, being brought up in Reval by Major Treyblut, he knew Russian and listened to fairy tales ...
Vostokov, Alexander Khristoforovich- famous philologist; genus. in Ahrensburg, on the island of Ezele, March 16, 1781 in the German Ostenek family. His original spoken language was German; but already for seven years, being brought up in Reval by Major Treyblut, he knew Russian and listened to fairy tales ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
VOSTOKOV Alexander Khristoforovich- (1781 1864), Russian linguist, philologist, poet. He was born on March 16 (27), 1781 in Ahrensburg (Kuressaare) on the island of Saaremaa (now Estonia). German by origin, real name Ostenek. He studied in St. Petersburg in the Cadet Corps, then at the Academy ... ... Collier Encyclopedia
A. Kh. Vostokov in the Imperial Public Library
All the works listed above, despite their importance for the scientific biography of A. Kh. Vostokov, could not be decisive for him until he began to study the Old Slavonic language directly from manuscripts. But handwritten originals for a long time remained difficult for Vostokov. The first direct source from which Vostokov could draw information about the ancient Slavic language was a notebook with the list of the Izbornik of 1076 presented to him in 1803 by his friend at the Academy of Arts A.I. , where he diligently takes up the study of the Ostromir Gospel, comparing its text with the Gospel of the Kyiv press. Probably, A. Kh. Vostokov's own handwritten extracts from the annals with summing up discrepancies belong to this time.
The year 1815, when Vostok was appointed to the Imperial Public Library as an assistant curator of manuscripts, can be considered a turning point in the scientist's life. Favorite occupations have merged with office work - a wide scope has opened up for his scientific activity. Subsequently, in a letter to the famous teacher and publicist, rector of Moscow University A. A. Prokopovich-Antonsky, he characterized his work on the study of the evolution of language in connection with the study of monuments: “While my sources were limited to printed books and hearsay of a living language, I was zealously engaged in my lexicography, carried away by the temptation of this unintelligible, but abundant discovery of work .... But when the case led me to see Slovenian manuscripts, as well as some early printed books, and in them spelling, word endings and turns, in many respects different from those used in the later language, then I was convinced of the need to deal with grammar first, i.e. study and demonstration of the properties of the language and its various forms with the changes that these forms have undergone over the centuries in Russia and other Slovenian lands".
The first fruit of the painstaking work of A. Kh. Vostokov on manuscripts was his famous “Discourse on the Slavic language, which serves as an introduction to the grammar of this language, compiled according to the most ancient written monuments of Onago” - a work that is the cornerstone of Slavic philology. Here, Vostokov substantiated a number of provisions that changed the concepts of the Slavic language that had hitherto prevailed in Western European science. The thoroughness of Vostokov's work on linguistic material is evidenced by his manuscripts.
Being at the origins of the organizational formation and formation of the funds of the First Public Library of Russia, Alexander Khristoforovich was engaged in the acquisition, description and cataloging of manuscripts.
The thoroughness of the work on the acquisition of funds is evidenced by internal documentation, for example, the OR RNB. F. 542. Unit. ridge 1031."))"> A. Kh. Vostokov's memo to A. N. Olenin regarding the acquisition of the manuscript with the latter's resolution.
The task of describing handwritten collections required the solution of many fundamental theoretical problems. First of all, it is the systematization of the arrangement and encryption of books. A. Kh. Vostokov's approaches to solving fundamental issues of storage organization are reflected in his voluminous Report for submission to the library director.
Of great interest to the history of library science is the OR of the National Library of Russia compiled by A. Kh. Vostokov. F. XVIII. 12. Fragment"))"> manuscript inventory, consisting of six main and several additional departments. A. Kh. Vostokov sequentially registers the main data about each manuscript, on the wide margins left for notes, often notes the name of the previous owner of the manuscript.
The paleographic interests of A. Kh. Vostokov are reflected in his extracts from manuscripts. A drawing of the “seal of the wise King Solomon” copied by his hand with a decoding of the inscription and comments on the cryptography (“gibberish alphabet”) has been preserved.
The Depot of the Manuscripts in the time of Vostokov was a repository not only of manuscripts, but also of various rarities. Obviously, the duties of A. Kh. Vostokov included an inventory of these sections of the fund. Curious what he did "Painting on coins and medals stored in the Imperial Public Library". This collection, which included antique, Anglo-Saxon, Russian, Oriental coins - gold, silver, copper and even leather - in the 1850s. was transferred to the Hermitage.
Until now, the Department of Manuscripts has kept a unique collection of antique vases, which has recently attracted the attention of specialists. The first inventory of these items was made by A. Kh. Vostokov.
Extracts of A. Kh. Vostokov from the annals.
OR RNB. F. 542. Unit. ridge 489. Fragments.
OR RNB.
Ostromir Gospel of 1056-1057. Edition of A. Kh. Vostokov.
SPb., 1843. Title page and individual pages of the book
Editions of a short grammar by A. Kh. Vostokov, published in 1831, 1848 and 1874.
Title pages and table of contents
Vostokov A.Kh. Report to the curator of the manuscripts of the Public Library from his assistant for presentation to the director of the library. Oct 1 1819
OR RNB. F. 542. Unit. ridge 490. Fragment
Vostokov A.Kh. Extracts from handwritten collections with comments.
OR RNB. F. 1000. Unit. ridge 478.
Vostokov A.Kh. Painting of coins and medals stored in the Imperial Public Library.
OR RNB. F. 1000. Unit. ridge 482.
Vostokov A.Kh. Register of Etruscan vases stored in the Department of Manuscripts.
OR RNB. F. 1000. Unit. ridge 481.
Draft of Vostokov's work. Notes on the vocabulary of the Russian language.
OR RNB.
Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov (1781 - 1864) - Russian poet, Slavic philologist, member of the Russian Academy (since 1820), academician (since 1841), secretary of the Free Society of Lovers of Literature, Sciences and Arts.
The metapoetics of A. Kh. Vostokov is presented in the greatest completeness in the work “Experience on Russian versification” (1812, a separate edition - 1817), as well as in poetic works (“Lyrical experiments and other small works in verse”, 1805-1806). In his Discourse on the Slavic Language (1820), he laid the foundations for comparative Slavic linguistics in Russia. The author of two grammars of the Russian language - "lengthy" and "short" (1831), "Descriptions of Russian and Slovenian manuscripts of the Rumyantsev Museum" (1812), "Grammar of the Church Slavonic language" (1863). A. Kh. Vostokov - publisher of the Ostromirov Gospel (1843), participated in the compilation of the Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Languages (in 4 volumes, 1847). Under his editorship, "The Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary" (1852), "Supplement" to it (1858) were published. A. Kh. Vostokov - compiler of the Dictionary of the Church Slavonic Language (in 2 volumes, 1858, 1861).
A. Kh. Vostokov was a famous poet, his first study was a work on versification (“Experience on Russian versification”, 1812, 1817). It is also interesting to note that almost all the works of A. Kh. Vostokov are permeated with subtle observations of a linguist and poet who analyzes language in a functional aspect, including attaching great importance to the aesthetic function of language. He constantly analyzes morphological forms from the point of view of their stylistic use and pays special attention to the forms found in poetic speech. Here is how, for example, A. Kh. Vostokov in the “Russian Grammar” describes the forms of the noun “love”: “Love, love, love. But when this noun is used as a proper name, then in all cases of the singular it retains the vowel about: Love, Love, Love. In verse (highlighted by us. - Auth.) and common name love can be inclined to be love, instead of love” (18, p. 18).
Or, for example, the functioning of short adjectives in poetic texts: “With the conjugated ending of adjectives, one should not mix truncated their ending used by poets. For example, white combustible stone. Part of the willow bush(instead of: white, combustible ii - often th rakite)" (18, p. 29, 42).
In the “Addendum on the dative independent” A. Kh. Vostokov notes: “In an important speech, the poets use the dative case borrowed from the Church Slovene language, uncontrollable in other words, and named so because dative independent, or independent. Such a dative case, which always includes two or three words, a noun or a personal pronoun with an adjective or participle, is an abbreviation of a subordinate clause that begins with the words when, meanwhile, how; these conjunctions explanatory are thrown out; and the verb to which they referred turns into a participle, which, together with its noun or personal pronoun, is put in the dative case; Nair., instead of words: when the sun came up we hit the road; while we sailed, a storm has risen, you can say: the rising sun we hit the road; sailing us, a storm arose” (8, p. 139).
"Grammar" A. Kh. Vostokov is permeated with the study of the semantics of grammatical forms, the use of grammatical forms is differentiated not only by primary, but also by secondary, often figurative meanings.
The poem "Date with the Muse" (the date of writing is unknown) reflects the struggle of thoughts and feelings associated with poetry and science. According to V. N. Orlov, the poem dates back to the time when A. Kh. Vostokov finally changed "Poetry" for "Grammar" (13, p. 534). “I wandered into the den of Grammar,” says Vostokov, referring to his philological works, which, as we have seen, are not without interest in poetry.
Date with the muse
"Where have you been staying for so long, my fugitive?" - “Ah, you never know where I was, parting with you? There, at the sunrise of the mountain,
I wandered into the den to Grammar, to that Sibyl,
The possessing spirit is inquisitive: she enslaved me!
She sent the roots of words to dig into the stems, into the petals To pluck for her the tender flowers of the tongue.
Travelers found me in this work, they took me into the city with them - to teach me something sensible, to let people in.
They pulled out of my hands and a basket with roots,
Which I dug up, ah! and your sacred gift,
Muse, they took off the lyre hanging from my shoulders,
And threw in the ashes everything that I valued.
In vain I begged them to let me go free,
The lyre thrown by them under the bush was looking for with their eyes.
With cold mockery, the cruel ones said to me:
“The summers of dreams are over, get busy now.
Take labor and care as companions to the temple of Fortune,
With grief, wear in half the signs of her affection!
I sighed and reluctantly walked with labor and care;
Often I was sad for you, my former companion.
- "Who delivered you from their tyranny and gave the lyre back to you?" - "Touched by my prayer,
Zeus sent Ermius to drive away the pale-faced Servants of Fortune from me - vanity. He with his caduceus
He touched them - they took a nap. He led me free to the throne, where I left my lyre.
She still lay there, and the rusty strings Sprouted with grass, the sweet tone in her died out.
Will you set it up for me again, blessed Muse?
- “I'll try, but no, everything is not the same lyre.
I'll give you another, with a lowered tone,
To chant not the dreams of youth, and not love -
Sing the deeds of men and strict wisdom.
- “Ah! let me still sing of youth and love.
Using the creative experience of a poet, linguist, linguist, A. Kh. Vostokov approaches the study of poetry as a poetic scholar, having developed a special theoretical and methodological approach. It consists: 1) in considering the history of two-syllable and three-syllable meters based on the experience of predecessors (Trediakovsky, Lomonosov, Sumarokov) and contemporaries (Zhukovsky, Gnedich and Merzlyakov); 2) versification is associated by Vostokov with the peculiarities of the national language; 3) the linguistic criterion (“the property of our language”) becomes the main one when approaching syllabo-tonic meters. Thanks to this, he was able to carry out a comparative analysis of the versification systems characteristic of different languages, and come to the conclusion that “the versification of each language retains its own characteristics, even when it imitates other people's sizes” (6, p. 298).
Vostokov's attitude to the activities of S. Polotsky, F. Prokopovich, V. K. Trediakovsky, and especially M. V. Lomonosov is determined by polemical sharpness: he believed that these poets forcibly Europeanized Russian versification. On the basis of the properties of the Russian language, Vostokov proves the possibility of using only certain sizes (iambic, trochaic, dactyl, anapaest and amphibrach): “Lomonosov introduced the hundred-position into Russian poetry from the then German samples,” writes A. Kh. Vostokov in “Experience on Russian versification." - He decreed iambic tetrameters mainly in lyrical meter, and six-meter or Alexandrian verses were written by him and Sumorokov in epic, elegiac, and dramatic meter - not because such a meter was in Russian for all these kinds of poetry the most convenient and equally decent ; but only because it was so used by the French and the Germans. One may ask why Lomonosov did not choose for his Petriade, instead of the uniform Alexandrian, some freest meter, for example, anapesto-iambic or dactylo-choreic, which he himself praises in his letter on the rules of Russian poetry? Here are his words: “for the best, most magnificent and easiest to compose, in all cases, the speed and quietness of the action and the state of any predilection to portray the most special, I read these verses, which consist of anapaests and choreas (?)” (Lom. volume I. countries. 19. edition of 1803 in S.P.b. under the Academy of Sciences). Further, his own words: “The falling, or composed verses from trochees and dactyls, to depict strong and weak affects, fast and quiet actions, are also very capable of being seen.” Here he cites two dactylo-choreic verses as an example of “swift and ardent action”:
Roll logs to the top, bring down stones and mountains,
Throw the forest, surviving squeezing the spirit, crush.
He would surely know how, by the power of his talent, to introduce these dimensions between us, and in no small way would expand the boundaries of our poetry. Of course, Lomonosov should also be thanked for the fact that, by introducing the correct stop, he freed the Russian muse from the unworthy chains of the former, so-called average poetry, and subordinated her lyrical soaring to the laws of the most equal and most pleasant melody; however, with all that, one can regret that he constrained the free flow of the epic for her with the most uniform of all poems, Alexandrian with rhymes. But we must tell the truth: he was only a lyricist. Epic, as well as tragedy, was none of his business. When already his Petriade is in everything an imitation of Henriade, it is not surprising that he did not dare to depart from this model of his own in versification. Meanwhile, the example of Lomonosov, Kheraskov and Petrov consecrated iambic six-footed among us as an epic verse; and the dactylo-choreic examination, unfortunately, from the very beginning fell into the hands of Trediakovsky, who also had the courage to start something new, only he had no talent at all and no taste for making his attractive new things; and therefore, with his glorified Tilemachida, he glorified the size of which it was written, and for a long time turned the public away from it. The experiments made later to restore it were too unimportant and weak, and therefore unsuccessful. For this, a genius is needed, and a genius of the epic, who would write a poem in this size, as entertaining and excellent as Tilemakhida is boring and rude. Difficult task! however, in the first case, it is enough that, among the newest poets of our Beavers, he dared to overthrow the bonds of Alexandrian verse and rhyme in didactic poems based on Aglian models - and had good luck in doing so; and Derzhavin, Dmitriev, Karamzin and others, in lyrical works, teach us again to blank verse, to dactyls, and to all other meters that only agree with our tonic prosody” (6, pp. 291-292).
The work on the metric system of versification allowed Vostokov to distinguish three types of versification (metric, syllabic, tonic). He pays special attention to tonic versification, considering it to be the Russian folk system of verse: “1. The versification is metrical, in which verses are composed in the footsteps. It belongs to the Greeks proper; it was borrowed from them by the Romans, and later also by some of the newest European languages, which were found capable of stacking.
II. The versification is syllabic or syllabic. In it, verses are composed according to the number of syllables. It is used by Italians, French, Poles and others, whose languages, due to the limitations of their prosody, are little or completely incapable of stop formation.
III. Finally, tonic versification, composing according to stress (highlighted by the author. - K. Sh., D. I). Our Russian songs belong to this category, and perhaps also partly the folk songs of many other nations (Norman skalds, German minnesingers, and nroch ...). attention; although it is closest to us and (at least for the common people) most consistent with the property of the Russian language. The reader will judge for himself when we begin this consideration: now we ask him to be patient and preliminarily review the first two forms with us. This is necessary, as much as for a general comparison, and more so for the fact that these both forms were once introduced unlimitedly into the Russian language; the first of them, that is, the stop-subjunctive form, was later introduced with some restrictions, became dominant in our poetry ”(6, pp. 287-288).
To do this, A. Kh. Vostokov had to develop original versification tools, introduce the concept of a “prosodic period” and raise the question of the gradation of stresses. The originality of Vostokov's metapoetics lies in the fact that he developed a method of intonational analysis of verse, although he applied it only to the facts of folk versification. Until now, remarks about the indissolubility of verse and musical melody in song verses, studies of musical and melodic moves in them, and the question of poetic "liberties and figures" are still of great theoretical and methodological significance.
“I hope that with these examples again I have sufficiently explained to the reader the difference between Russian versification, old and new,” writes A. Kh. Vostokov. - The first is the original Russian, content with stress alone, ignorant of the use of groans and rhymes. These new embellishments have become known to our common folk poets since the introduction and dissemination of book literature in Russia; when the songs of Sumarokov, Popov, Neledinsky, Dmitriev, etc., began to repeat themselves in their lips, from which they began to adopt not only the size, but also their style and expressions, as best they could. Thus, this new warehouse of folk songs was compiled ”(6, p. 316)
The metapoetics of A. Kh. Vostokov crowns the direction of the first stage of meta-poetics with the predominance of a scientific approach and scientific premises in correlation with the artistic experience of the poet (F. Prokopovich, V. K. Trediakovsky, M. V. Lomonosov). “It is desirable that people with talent try to exterminate this prejudice in us, if possible, by ennobling and raising the Russian size with their verses: or they would prove that Russian versification, due to its imperfection, does not deserve to be extracted from the dust in which it hitherto groveled” , - writes A. Kh. Vostokov, asserting the linguistic criterion in the creation and comprehension of Russian verse as one of the dominant ones (6, p. 321).
Although Vostokov analyzes ancient European samples, his mega-poetics is not only the metapoetics of assimilation, but also the metapoetics of the affirmation of verse forms that correspond to the peculiarities of the Russian language. As we can see, Russian metapoetics took shape in the course of deep scientific controversy. It is important that the most authoritative authors of metapoetic texts were poets who approached language from a scientific point of view. Thus, as a criterion for the creation and study of poetic texts, not only a linguistic criterion (based on the natural Russian language), but also a linguistic criterion (based on the current state of the science of language) was introduced. As is known, A. Kh. Vostokov was an outstanding linguist of his time, one of the founders of comparative historical linguistics.
Already in the first quarter of the XIX century. “Experience on a new versification” by A. Kh. Vostokov became the most authoritative work in the field of folk versification (see: “Preface” to “Ancient Russian Poems ...” (M., 1818), “Educational Book of Russian Literature” II I. Grecha (St. Petersburg, 1820)).
“In Russian versification of the first quarter of the 19th century, the fruitful achievements of Russian philology of the 18th century were mastered and developed.
(highlighted by us. - Auth.). <...>If Trediakovsky and Lomonosov, relying on domestic material, nevertheless actively operated on the data of Western European science (albeit taken in relation to the peculiarities of national versification), then A. Kh. Vostokov, not limited to simply assimilation of the traditions of science of the previous period, develops a new toolkit for verse analysis, in which intonation found its place, more directly than rhythm, associated with the meaningful features of the verse. Thus, not limited to a purely rhythmic study of the poetic text, the researchers penetrated into its deepest spheres, more closely related to semantics. This was facilitated by the intensive appeal of scientists to folk verse...” (5, p. 224).
A. Kh. Vostokov, possessing a poetic talent and a scientific mindset, did a lot to analyze Russian and European traditions in Russian poetry and metapoetics. “The poetic work of Vostokov is a special phenomenon in Russian poetry of the early 19th century, not measured by the parameters of any literary movement. Gravitating towards high poetry, having a predominantly abstract and philosophical mindset and turning directly (bypassing the traditions of classicism) to the ancient classics, Vostokov, for the first time in Russian literature, purposefully followed the path outlined by V. K. Trediakovsky and anticipated the experiments of V. A. Zhukovsky and N.I. Gnedich in hexameter... and also created Russian equivalents to ancient logahedic meters...” (15, p. 492).
Perhaps the studies of V. Khlebnikov, connected with the search for roots related to the Russian language among the Slavic languages, were perceived by him from the Russian poetic, linguistic and metapoetic tradition, which was developed by A. Kh. Vostokov, at least to establish paradigmatic relations in the field of metapoetics Maybe. Let us recall the work of A. Kh. Vostokov “Discourses on the Slavic language”, which deals with the problem of the relationship of the Slavic languages: “Each of the New Slavic languages and dialects retained some special words, endings and sounds of their common progenitor, ancient Slavic, lost by others, as this can be seen comparing their grammars and dictionaries with monuments left from the ancient language,” writes A. Kh. Vostokov (7, p. 50).
Both "Russian Grammar" and "Experience on Russian Versification" are works of an active type, in which language and poetry are spoken of in three planes: semantics, syntactics and pragmatics, that is, to a certain extent, this is, as A. X writes Vostokov in the "Introduction" to the "Russian Grammar", "a guide to the correct use of words in conversation and in writing", (18, p. 1).
The works of A. Kh. Vostokov have a huge heuristic potential, they are ahead of their time, they deserve attention in the 21st century, almost two hundred years after their creation.
Private metapoetics played a big role in the formation of Russian philology and accompany it throughout the entire path of development. Metapoetics of S. Polotsky, I. Khvorostinin, K. Istomin,
A. D. Kantemir, V. K. Trediakovsky, A. II. Sumarokova, Ya. B. Knyazhnina,
V. I. Maykov, M. M. Kheraskov, I. I. Dmitrieva, A. N. Radishchev, G. R. Derzhavin, V. A. Zhukovsky, D. V. Davydov, K. N. Batyushkova, N. I. Gnedich, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, A. A. Blok, A. Bely, V. Khlebnikov and many other poets, see the dictionary of K. E. Stein, D. I. Petrenko “Russian metapoetics” (23, pp. 79-112).
Vostokov Alexander Khristoforovich (March 16, 1781-February 8, 1864), poet, Slavic philologist. Member of the Russian Academy (since 1820), academician (since 1841). Was the illegitimate son of a baron H. I. Osten-Sackena . He studied in St. Petersburg, first at the Land Cadet Corps, then at the Academy of Arts. In 1801 he joined the Free Society of Lovers of Literature, Sciences and Arts and for many years was the secretary of the society. In 1805-06, his “Lyrical experiments and other small works in verse” (2 hours) were published. In 1812 he published An Experiment on Russian Versification (separate edition of 1817), highly appreciated by A. S. Pushkin, one of the first in-depth scientific studies of the system of Russian tonic versification. In Vostokov's lyrics, scientific and philosophical ideas are expressed, the image of the poet, imbued with civic pathos, is created. As a poet of the Vostokov, he developed high genres (ode, philosophical lyrics), introduced solemn oratorical speech and "floridity" into poetic language. Of great importance were Vostokov's aspirations to renew Russian versification, to use Russian folk verse. Vostokov studied Russian songs, proverbs, collected materials for an etymological dictionary. In 1815 he moved to serve in the Public Library and from that time devoted himself entirely to the study of the monuments of ancient Slavic writing, the grammar of Slavic languages, especially Russian. In 1820 he published Discourse on the Slavic Language, which contains important discoveries from the history of the ancient Slavic languages and laid the foundation for comparative Slavic linguistics. From the later works of Vostokov stand out: 2 grammars of the Russian language - "lengthy" (1813) and "short" (1831), repeatedly reprinted in the 19th century; "Description of Russian and Slovenian manuscripts of the Rumyantsev Museum" (1842), containing paleographic and linguistic characteristics of 473 manuscripts of various Slavic editions; exemplary edition of the Ostromir Gospel (1843); "Grammar of the Church Slavonic language" (1863). Vostokov participated in the compilation of the "Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language" (1847), edited the "Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary" (1852) and "Supplement" to it (1858). Compiled the "Dictionary of the Church Slavonic language" (2 volumes, 1858, 1861). For the first time he published the oldest dated monument of Slavic-Russian writing "Ostromir Gospel 1056-1057", he was specially engaged in the study of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".
Used materials from the site Great Encyclopedia of the Russian people - http://www.rusinst.ru
Vostokov, Alexander Khristoforovich (March 16, 1781, Arensburg, Livonia Province, - February 8, 1864, St. Petersburg) - Russian poet, Slavic philologist. Member of the Russian Academy (since 1820), academician (since 1841). He was the illegitimate son of Baron H.I. Osten-Saken. He studied in St. Petersburg, first at the Land Cadet Corps, then at the Academy of Arts. In 1801 he became a member Free Society of Lovers of Literature, Sciences and Arts and for many years was the secretary of the society. In 1805-1806 his "Experiences lyrical and other small works in verse" (2 parts) were published. In 1812, he published "Experience on Russian versification" (separate ed. 1817), highly appreciated by A.S. Pushkin (see Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 7, 1958, p. from the first deep scientific studies of the system of Russian tonic versification. V.'s lyrics, close to the work of the Radishchev poets, contain freedom-loving tyrannical motifs, scientific and philosophical educational ideas are expressed, and the image of the poet imbued with civic pathos is created. As a poet, V. developed high genres (ode, philosophical lyrics), introduced solemn oratorical speech and "floridity" into poetic language. Of great importance were the aspirations of V. to update Russian versification, to use Russian folk verse. V. studied Russian songs, proverbs, collected materials for an etymological dictionary. In 1815 he joined the Public Library and from that time devoted himself entirely to the study of the monuments of ancient Slavic writing, the grammar of Slavic languages, especially Russian. In 1820 he published Discourse on the Slavonic Language, containing important discoveries from the history of the Old Slavic languages and laying the foundation for comparative Slavic linguistics. Of V.'s later works stand out: 2 grammars of the Russian language - "lengthy" (1831) and "short" (1831), repeatedly reprinted in the 19th century; "Description of Russian and Slovenian manuscripts of the Rumyantsev Museum" (1842), containing paleographic and linguistic characteristics of 473 manuscripts of various Slavic editions; an exemplary edition of the Ostromir Gospel (1843); "Grammar of the Church-Slovenian language" (1863). V. participated in the compilation of the "Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language" (1847), edited the "Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary" (1852) and "Additions" to it (1858). Compiled the Dictionary of the Church Slavonic Language (2 vols., 1858, 1861).
Brief literary encyclopedia in 9 volumes. State scientific publishing house "Soviet encyclopedia", vol. 1, M., 1962.
Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov, an outstanding Russian Slavist and poet, was born on March 27, 1791 on Ezel Island in Livonia (now Latvia) and was the illegitimate son of Baron H.I. Osten-Saken. From his father, he received the surname Ostenek, which he then transformed into Vostokov. He studied at the land gentry corps and the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. He began to write poetry, which was highly appreciated by V.A. Zhukovsky, Batyushkov and other poets. In 1815, Vostokov joined the Public Library and since then devoted himself entirely to the study of the monuments of ancient Russian literature, becoming the founder of Russian scientific Slavic studies. The beginning of his scientific fame was the publication of the work Discourse on the Slavonic Language (1820), which marked the beginning of the development of the comparative historical method of linguistic research in Russian Slavic studies. Vostokov collected materials for the "Dictionary of the Church-Slovenian language" (more than 22 thousand words), which were used by I.I. Sreznevsky and F. Mikloshchich. The scientist published a grammar of the Russian language (1831) and a grammar of the Church Slavonic language (1861), prepared scientifically exemplary editions of the most ancient Slavic monuments: "Freisingen passages" of Latin writing (1827), "Ostromir Gospel" of Cyrillic writing (1862) and also "Description of Russians and Slavic manuscripts of the Rumyantsev Museum in 1842. The works of Vostokov were highly appreciated by the largest foreign and domestic Slavists: I. Dobrovsky, E. Kopitar, F. Mikloshich, I. I. Sreznevsky, etc. The scientist died on February 20, 1854 in St. Petersburg.
Used materials of the book: Russian-Slavic calendar for 2005. Authors-compilers: M.Yu. Dostal, V.D. Malyugin, I.V. Churkin. M., 2005.
Compositions:
Poems, L., 1935;
[Poems], in the book: Radishchev poets, 2nd ed., L., 1952;
Philological Observations, St. Petersburg, 1865 (there is an index of V.'s scientific works compiled by I.I. Sreznevsky);
A. Kh. Vostokov's notes about his life [reported by V. I. Sreznevsky], St. Petersburg, 1901;
Correspondence, St. Petersburg, 1873 (Collection of the Department of Russian Language and Words of the Academy of Sciences, vol. 5, issue 2).
Literature:
Orlov V., Russian enlighteners of the 1790-1800s, M., 1950;
Yagich I.V., History of Slavic Philology, St. Petersburg, 1910 (Encyclopedia of Slavic Philology, vol. 1);
Vinogradov V.V., From the history of the study of Russian syntax, M., 1958.
Read further:
Free Society of Lovers of Literature, Sciences and Arts, 1801-1825
SLAVICITY(Special project of CHRONOS within the framework of the program "Forum of Slavic Cultures").