“They wanted to replace the Bible,” this muffled whisper sounds in one of the halls of the Bavarian State Library. Rare books expert Stefan Kellner describes how the Nazis turned the rambling, largely unreadable manuscript - part memoir, part propaganda - into a central part of the ideology of the Third Reich.
Why is the book dangerous?
According to the producer of the program Publish or Burn, which first appeared on screen in January 2015, this text remains quite dangerous. Hitler's story is proof that he was underestimated in his time. Now people underestimate his book.
There is good reason to take this book seriously because it is open to misinterpretation. Despite the fact that Hitler wrote it in the 20s of the 20th century, he fulfilled much of what it says. If more attention had been paid to him at that time, it is quite possible that they would have been able to consider the threat.
Hitler wrote Mein Kampf while in prison, where he was sent for treason after the failed Beer Hall Putsch. The book outlines his racist and anti-Semitic views. When he came to power 10 years later, the book became one of the key Nazi texts. It was even given to newlyweds by the state, and gilded editions were kept in the homes of senior officials.
Publication rights
At the end of World War II, when the US Army took over the Eher Verlag publishing house, the rights to publish the book were transferred to the Bavarian authorities. They ensured that the book could only be reprinted in Germany and under special circumstances. However, the expiration of copyright at the end of December last year has sparked fierce debate over whether publishing can be kept free for all. 
The Bavarians used copyright to control the reprinting of Mein Kampf. But what happens next? This book is still dangerous. The problem with neo-Nazis has not gone away, and there is a danger that the book will be misrepresented if used in context.
The question arises whether anyone will want to publish it. Hitler's work is full of stilted sentences, historical minutiae, and confusing ideological threads that neo-Nazis and serious historians alike tend to avoid.
However, the book became very popular in India among politicians who have Hindu nationalist leanings. It is considered a very important book for self-development. If we miss the point of anti-Semitism, then it is about a little man who, while in prison, dreamed of conquering the world.
Will comments help?
The result of the first publication of this book was that millions of people were killed, millions were abused, and entire countries were engulfed in war. It is important to keep this in mind if you are reading brief passages with relevant critical historical commentary. 
Since the copyright has expired, the Institute of Contemporary History in Munich is about to release a new edition, which will contain the original text and current comments pointing out omissions and distortions of the truth. Orders for 15 thousand copies have already been received, although the circulation was supposed to be only 4 thousand copies. A new publication exposes Hitler's false claims. Some Nazi victims oppose this approach, so the Bavarian government withdrew its support for the project after criticism from Holocaust survivors.
Is a publication ban necessary?
However, banning a book may not be the best tactic. The way to inoculate young people against the Nazi bacillus is to use open confrontation with Hitler's words, rather than trying to make the book illegal. Moreover, it is not only a historical source, but also a symbol that is important to dismantle.
In any case, a global ban on the book is impossible. Therefore, it is important to develop a position rather than try to control its spread. After all, in the modern world, nothing will prevent people from gaining access to it.
The state plans to prosecute and use the law against incitement to racial hatred. Hitler's ideology falls under the definition of incitement. This is definitely a dangerous book in the wrong hands.
In nature, paradoxes are found at every step.
For example, cold rain in summer can even lower the relative humidity of the air, due to its cooling, and therefore the condensation of the moisture contained in it.
Politics and History in general consists of continuous paradoxes and contradictions that seem at first superficial glance.
When I read the Russian version of the famous book "Mein Kampf" I could not shake the feeling that it was written by an arrogant Ukrainian Jew, and not at all by a sentimental Austrian..
Turns of speech, clerical expressions, endless affirmative adverbs, constant meaningless jumps from one to another without any context. Finally, what amazed me most was how Hitler could write so openly about what he was going to do.
“conquer” Russia in the corresponding chapter, which was quoted by everyone as lazy as proof. I thought how, on the one hand, Soviet propaganda portrays Hitler as a cunning and insidious aggressor who “treacherously” attacked the USSR for no reason at all, pretending to be a “sheep” while signing the Scriabin-Ribbentrop “non-aggression” pact, on the other hand took it and directly and openly wrote in black and white in the book “we are going to conquer Russia.”
That is, this seemed to me a big contradiction. Even if Hitler had the corresponding plans and dreams, it seemed to me that it was very unlikely that such a thing could have been written directly in a program book.
When I took the German original, it turned out that only the most approximate meaning was conveyed. Especially when you consider that you can say absolutely the same thing but in different words, and the meaning often changes to the opposite.
And most importantly, the word “conquest” is missing from the original chapter on Russia.
There we are only talking about the fact that Russia has been captured by Jewish bandits, who sooner or later, but inevitably, will bring Russia to total collapse and then Germany will have to pay attention to the vast spaces once controlled by the Russians.
And so it turned out. that I was right in my feelings. It turns out that the Russian translation of “Mein Kampf” was made by a prominent figure in the Bolshevik Party, a Ukrainian Jew, a native of Lvov, Karl Sobelson.
The Jewish Encyclopedia writes:
What does it have to do with the fact that under the Bolsheviks in the 30s, the translation of the publication (for the familiarization of the top party leadership, which had already managed to forget Aidish Deutsche (the native language of the majority of Ukrainian Jews)
The translation was entrusted to a Jew; this is not surprising.
It is not surprising that this Jewish criminal ended up dead, as did most of their company.
He was simply killed by other criminals. They put him in the zone, and there some “Trotskyist” prisoner slammed his head against the wall, etc. Even the Jewish Encyclopedia does not know where exactly this happened because at the place of death there is a “?”
After all, it is quite natural that after this gang took over Russia, they began to fight with each other.
Another funny thing. that all sorts of “nationalists” in modern Russia, as well as various kinds of semi-underground small publishing houses, did not even bother to pay a measly thousand bucks to some grandmother to do a normal translation, and not publish Radek’s work.
And these people are going to fight Jewish influence in Russia? They even publish Hitler’s book and read it in a Hebrew translation.
Actually, why would you be surprised? This is from the same opera when Christians, that is, people who worship Jewish gods, consider writings written by Jews and only Jews to be “sacred.” They honor every letter, dash and comma, and at the same time manage to be anti-Semitic.
As an illustration, I’ll just cite even the very beginning from the original and Radek’s (canonical) translation of Mein Kampf.
German original:
Als glückliche Bestimmung gilt es mir heute, daß das Schicksal mir zum Geburtsort gerade Braunau am Inn zuwies. Liegt doch dieses Städtchen an der Grenze jener zwei deutschen Staaten, deren Wiedervereinigung mindestens uns Jüngeren als eine mit allen Mitteln durchzuführende Lebensaufgabe erscheint!
Deutschösterreich muß wieder zurück zum großen deutschen Mutterlande, und zwar nicht aus Gründen irgendwelcher wirtschaftlicher Erwägungen heraus. Nein, nein: Auch wenn diese Vereinigung, wirtschaftlich gedacht, gleichgültig, ja selbst wenn sie schädlich wäre, sie möchte dennoch stattfinden. Gleiches Blut gehört in ein gemeinsames Reich. Das deutsche Volk besitzt so lange kein moralisches Recht zu kolonialpolitischer Tätigkeit, solange es nicht einmal seine eigenen Söhne in einen gemeinsamen Staat zu fassen vermag. Erst wenn des Reiches Grenze auch den letzten Deutschen umschließt, ohne mehr die Sicherheit seiner Ernährung bieten zu können, ersteht aus der Not des eigenen Volkes das moralische Recht zur Erwerbung fremden Grund und Bodens.
Radekovsky translation:
It now seems to me a happy omen that fate destined me to be born in the town of Braunau am Inn. After all, this town is located right on the border of two German states, the unification of which, at least to us young people, seemed and seems to be the cherished goal that must be achieved by all means.
German Austria must return to the fold of the great German metropolis at all costs, and not at all for economic reasons. No no. Even if this unification from an economic point of view were indifferent, moreover, even harmful, the unification is nevertheless necessary. Until the German people have united all their sons under one state, they have no moral right to strive for colonial expansion. Only after the German state includes within its borders the last German, only after it turns out that such a Germany is not able to adequately feed its entire population, does the emerging need give the people the moral right to acquire foreign lands
for example the word "Mutterlande" is formally translated as "Metropolis". However, in Russian the word "metropolis" has a different meaning - an antonym to "colony", and not to "foreign land".
In fact, Mutterlande is the mother land, Motherland, Fatherland, etc.
Where did Radek find the phrase “at any cost”? in a sentence;
"Deutschösterreich muß wieder zurück zum großen deutschen Mutterlande zwar nicht aus Gründen irgendwelcher wirtschaftlicher Erwägungen heraus"
He's not there
Offer Gleiches Blut gehört in ein gemeinsames Reich. "The same (common) blood needs a common state."
Radek made a slogan out of it, adding an exclamation mark at the end:
One blood - one state!
And similar tricks that make your trousers burst at every step.
Thus, MK begins with what Hitler writes about. that the Germans have no moral right to engage in imperialism as long as the German people are divided, moreover, imperialism makes sense only when the people are cramped within the borders; the land is simply physically unable to feed such a number of people.
How does it happen that in the MK at the end, Hitler directly writes about the “Conquest of Russia”?
And finally, the most famous from Radek:
We National Socialists quite deliberately put an end to the entire German foreign policy of the pre-war period. We want to return to the point where our old development was interrupted 600 years ago. We want to put a stop to the eternal German drive towards the south and west of Europe, and we definitely point the finger towards the territories located in the east. We are finally breaking with the colonial and trade policies of the pre-war era and are consciously moving towards a policy of conquering new lands in Europe.
When we talk about conquest new lands in Europe, we, of course, can primarily mean only Russia and those peripheral states that are subordinate to it.
Fate itself points its finger at us. Having delivered Russia into the hands of Bolshevism, fate deprived the Russian people of that intelligentsia on which its state existence had hitherto rested and which alone served as a guarantee of a certain strength of the state. It was not the state talents of the Slavs that gave strength and strength to the Russian state. Russia owed all this to the Germanic elements - an excellent example of the enormous state role that Germanic elements are capable of playing when acting within a lower race. This is how many powerful states on earth were created. More than once in history we have seen how peoples of a lower culture, led by the Germans as organizers, turned into powerful states and then remained firmly on their feet while the racial core of the Germans remained. For centuries, Russia lived off the German core in its upper strata of the population. Now this core has been completely destroyed. Jews took the place of the Germans. But just as the Russians cannot throw off the yoke of the Jews on their own, so the Jews alone are not able to keep this huge state under their control for long. The Jews themselves are by no means an element of organization, but rather a ferment of disorganization. This giant eastern state is inevitably doomed to destruction. All the prerequisites for this have already matured. The end of Jewish rule in Russia will also be the end of Russia as a state. Fate has destined us to witness such a catastrophe, which, better than anything else, will unconditionally confirm the correctness of our racial theory.
Here is the German text::
Damit ziehen wir Nationalsozialisten bewußt einen Strich unter die außenpolitische Richtung unserer Vorkriegszeit. Wir setzen dort an, wo man vor sechs Jahrhunderten endete. Wir stoppen den ewigen Germanenzug nach dem Süden und Westen Europas und weisen den Blick nach dem Land im Osten. Wir schließen endlich ab die Kolonial- und Handelspolitik der Vorkriegszeit und gehen über zur Bodenpolitik der Zukunft.
Russland
Das Schicksal selbst scheint uns hier einen Fingerzeig geben zu wollen. Indem es Rußland dem Bolschewismus überantwortete, raubte es dem russischen Volke jene Intelligenz, die bisher dessen staatlichen Bestand herbeiführte und garantierte. Denn die Organization eines russischen Staatsgebildes war nicht das Ergebnis der staatspolitischen Fähigkeiten des Slawentums in Rußland, sondern vielmehr nur ein wundervolles Beispiel für die staatenbildende Wirksamkeit des germanischen Elementes in einer minderwertigen Rasse. So sind zahlreiche mächtige Reiche der Erde geschaffen worden. Niedere Völker mit germanischen Organisatoren und Herren als Leiter derselben sind öfter als einmal zu gewaltigen Staatengebilden angeschwollen und blieben bestehen, solange der rassische Kern der bildenden Staatsrasse sich erhielt. Seit Jahrhunderten zehrte Rußland von diesem germanischen Kern seiner oberen leitenden Schichten. Er kann heute als fast restlos ausgerottet und ausgelöscht angesehen werden. An seine Stelle ist der Jude getreten. So unmöglich es dem Russen an sich ist, aus eigener Kraft das Joch der Juden abzuschütteln, so unmöglich ist es dem Juden, das mächtige Reich auf die Dauer zu erhalten. Er selbst ist kein Element der Organisation, sondern ein Ferment der Dekomposition. Das Riesenreich im Osten ist reif zum Zusammenbruch. Und das Ende der Judenherrschaft in Rußland wird auch das Ende Rußlands als Staat sein. Wir sind vom Schicksal ausersehen, Zeugen einer Kraftprobe zu werden, die die gewaltigste Bestätigung für die Richtigkeit der völkischen Rassentheorie sein wird.
Unsere Aufgabe, die Mission der nationalsozialistischen Bewegung, aber ist, unser eigenes Volk zu jener politischen Einsicht zu bringen, daß es sein Zukunftsziel nicht im berauschenden Eindruck eines neuen Alexanderzuges erfüllt sieht, sondern vielmehr in der emsigen Arbeit des deut schen Pfluges, dem das Schwert nur den Boden zu geben hat.
Offer
Wenn wir aber heute in Europa von neuem Grund und Boden reden, können wir in erster Linie nur an Russland und die ihm untertanen Randstaaten denken.
Translated literally as
“When we talk in Europe today about new lands (in both meanings), we can first of all think about Russia and its subordinate outlying (Ukrainian) states.”
And where did Radek find the word “conquest” (Eroberung)? Hitler is politically correct enough to write directly about the “conquest” and even Russia.
And then it is explained why. Because it is written that such a huge state was created by the highest Germanic (“Aryan” in this context and not “German”) race, which is now being exterminated by the Jews with all its might. They deprived the Russian people of their intelligentsia, that is, the cultural elite, and themselves took their place (well, this is quite plausible since even Mein Kampf was translated into Russian by a Galician Jew)
That Russia will inevitably collapse and great prospects will open up for Germany in obtaining territories that can be colonized.
That is, the meaning of this paragraph is exactly the opposite. Hitler has absolutely no intention of arming himself to the teeth to “conquer” Russia. Hitler writes that it will fall apart on its own under the influence of the corrupting elements of the Jewish and other lower races.
Further. He writes that he does not need a new campaign by Alexander of Maekdon. He needs lands to feed the German population and nothing more. The sword is justified only when the plow no longer has room to turn. This is what MK is talking about.
Thus, the complete falsification of Soviet propaganda is completely obvious. It’s not for nothing that even Radek’s translation was not even close to accessible to Soviet people.
(“Mein Kampf” - “My Struggle”), a book by Hitler in which he outlined his political program in detail. In Hitler's Germany, Mein Kampf was considered the bible of National Socialism; it gained fame even before its publication, and many Germans believed that the Nazi leader was able to bring to life everything that he outlined on the pages of his book. Hitler wrote the first part of “Mein Kampf” in Landsberg prison, where he was serving a sentence for an attempted coup (see “Beer Hall Putsch” 1923). Many of his associates, including Goebbels, Gottfried Feder and Alfred Rosenberg, had already published pamphlets or books, and Hitler was eager to prove that, despite his lack of education, he was also capable of making his contribution to political philosophy. Since the stay of almost 40 Nazis in prison was easy and comfortable, Hitler spent many hours dictating the first part of the book to Emile Maurice and Rudolf Hess. The second part was written by him in 1925-27, after the re-establishment of the Nazi party.
Hitler originally entitled his book "Four and a half years of struggle against lies, stupidity and cowardice." However, publisher Max Aman, not satisfied with such a long title, shortened it to “My Struggle.” Loud, crude, pompous in style, the first version of the book was oversaturated with length, verbosity, indigestible phrases, and constant repetitions, which clearly revealed Hitler as a half-educated man. The German writer Lion Feuchtwanger noted thousands of grammatical errors in the original edition. Although many stylistic corrections were made in subsequent editions, the overall picture remained the same. Nevertheless, the book was a huge success and turned out to be very profitable. By 1932, 5.2 million copies were sold; it has been translated into 11 languages. When registering their marriage, all newlyweds in Germany were forced to purchase one copy of Mein Kampf. Huge circulations made Hitler a millionaire.
The main theme of the book was Hitler's racial doctrine. The Germans, he wrote, must recognize the superiority of the Aryan race and maintain racial purity. Their duty is to increase the size of the nation in order to fulfill their destiny - to achieve world domination. Despite the defeat in World War I, it is necessary to regain strength. Only in this way will the German nation be able to take its place as leader of humanity in the future.
Hitler described the Weimar Republic as “the greatest mistake of the 20th century,” “a monstrosity of life.” He outlined three main ideas about government. First of all, these are those who understand the state as simply a more or less voluntary community of people with the government at its head. This idea comes from the largest group - the “crazy”, who personify “state power” (StaatsautoritIt) and force the people to serve them, instead of serving the people themselves. An example is the Bavarian People's Party. The second, not so numerous group recognizes state power subject to certain conditions, such as “freedom”, “independence” and other human rights. These people expect that such a state will be able to function in such a way that everyone's wallet will be filled to capacity. This group is replenished mainly from among the German bourgeoisie, from liberal democrats. The third, weakest group places its hopes on the unity of all people speaking the same language. They hope to achieve national unity through language. The position of this group, controlled by the Nationalist Party, is the most precarious due to the obvious false manipulation. Some peoples of Austria, for example, will never be Germanized. A Negro or a Chinese can never become a German just because he speaks German fluently. “Germanization can only happen on land, not in language.” Nationality and race, Hitler continued, are in the blood, not in the language. The mixing of blood in the German state can be stopped only by removing from it everything inferior. Nothing good happened in the eastern regions of Germany, where Polish elements, as a result of mixing, polluted German blood. Germany found itself in a stupid position when it became widely believed in America that immigrants from Germany were all Germans. In fact, it was a “Jewish fake of the Germans.” Title of the original edition of Hitler's book, submitted to the Eher publishing house under the title "Four and a half years of struggle against lies, stupidity and cowardice" Title of the original edition of Hitler's book, submitted to the Eher publishing house under the title "Four and a half years of struggle against lies, stupidity and cowardice"
All three of these views on government are fundamentally false, Hitler wrote. They do not recognize the key factor that artificially created state power is based ultimately on racial foundations. The primary duty of the state is to preserve and maintain its racial foundations. “The fundamental concept is that the State has no boundaries, but implies them. This is precisely the precondition for the development of higher Kultur, but not the reason for it.
The reason lies solely in the existence of a race capable of perfecting its own Kultur." Hitler formulated seven points of “duties of the state”: 1. The concept of “race” must be placed in the center of attention. 2. It is necessary to maintain racial purity. 3. Introduce the practice of modern birth control as a priority. Those who are sick or weak should be prohibited from having children. The German nation must be prepared for future leadership. 4. Youth should be encouraged to take up sports to unprecedented levels of fitness. 5. It is necessary to make army service the final and highest school. 6. Special emphasis should be placed on teaching race in schools. 7. It is necessary to awaken patriotism and national pride among citizens.
Hitler never tired of preaching his ideology of racial nationalism. Echoing Huston Chamberlain, he wrote that the Aryan or Indo-European race and, above all, the Germanic or Teutonic race, are exactly the “chosen people” that the Jews spoke about, and on which the very existence of man on the planet depends. “Everything that we admire on this earth, be it achievements in science or technology, is the creation of the hands of a few nations and, probably, most likely, of one single race. All the achievements of our Kultur are the merit of this nation.” In his opinion, this only race is the Aryan. “History shows with utmost clarity that any mixing of Aryan blood with the blood of lower races leads to the degradation of the Kultur bearer. North America, whose vast population is composed of Germanic elements, and which is only in a small degree mixed with the lower, colored races, represents a model of civilization and Kultur, in contrast to Central or South America, where the Roman immigrants were largely assimilated with the native population. Germanized North America, by contrast, managed to remain “racially pure and unmixed.” Some country boy who doesn't understand racial laws can get himself into trouble. Hitler encouraged Germans to join the victory parade (Siegeszug) of the “chosen races.” It is enough to destroy the Aryan race on earth, and humanity will plunge into yawning darkness comparable to the Middle Ages.
Hitler divided all of humanity into three categories: the creators of civilization (Kulturbegr?nder), the bearers of civilization (KulturtrIger) and the destroyers of civilization (Kulturzerstirer). To the first group he included the Aryan race, that is, the Germanic and North American civilizations, as being of paramount importance. The gradual worldwide spread of the Aryan civilization up to the Japanese and other “morally dependent races” led to the creation of the second category - the carriers of civilization. Hitler included mainly the peoples of the East in this group. Only in appearance do the Japanese and other carriers of civilization remain Asians; in their inner essence they are Aryans. Hitler included Jews in the third category of destroyers of civilization.
Hitler repeated again that as soon as geniuses appear in the world, humanity will immediately classify among them the “race of geniuses” - the Aryans. Genius is an innate quality, since “it originates in the brain of a child.” By coming into contact with lower races, the Aryan subjugates them to his will. However, instead of keeping his blood pure, he began to mingle with the natives until he began to take on the spiritual and physical qualities of the lower race. The continuation of this mixing of blood would mean the destruction of the old civilization and the loss of the will to resist (Widerstandskraft), which belongs exclusively to those of pure blood. The Aryan race occupied its high place in civilization because it was aware of its destiny; the Aryan was always ready to sacrifice his life for the sake of other people. This fact shows who is the crown of the future of humanity and what is the “essence of sacrifice.”
Many pages of the book are devoted to Hitler's contemptuous attitude towards the Jews. “The sharp opposite of the Aryan is the Jew. Hardly any nation on earth possessed the instinct of self-preservation to the extent to which it was developed by the so-called. "chosen people" The Jews never had their own Kultur, they always borrowed it from others and developed their intellect by coming into contact with other peoples. Unlike the Aryans, the Jewish desire for self-preservation does not go beyond the personal.” The Jewish sense of “belonging” (Zusammengehirigkeitsgef?hl) is based on “a very primitive herd instinct.” The Jewish race was "downright selfish" and possessed only an imaginary Kultur. You don't have to be an idealist to be convinced of this. The Jews were not even a race of nomads, because the nomads at least had an idea of the word “labor.”
In addition to hatred of Jews, Hitler did not ignore Marxism. He blamed the Marxists for the ongoing decomposition of national blood and the loss of national ideals in Germany. Marxism will suppress German nationalism until he, Hitler, takes on the role of savior.
Hitler attributed the diabolical influence of Marxism to Jews who would like to uproot “the bearers of the national intellect and make them slaves in their own country.” The most gruesome example of such efforts is Russia, where, as Hitler wrote, “thirty millions were allowed to starve to death in terrible agony, while educated Jews and stock market swindlers sought dominance over a great people.”
A racially pure people, Hitler wrote, could never be enslaved by Jews. Everything on earth can be corrected, any defeat can be turned into victory in the future. The revival of the German spirit will come if the blood of the German people is kept pure. Hitler explained the defeat of Germany in 1918 by racial reasons: 1914 was the last attempt of those interested in the national preservation of forces to resist the impending pacifist-Marxist deformation of the national state. What Germany needed was a “Teutonic state of the German nation.”
Hitler's economic theories set out in Mein Kampf completely repeat the doctrines of Gottfried Feder. National self-sufficiency and economic independence must replace international trade. The principle of autarky was based on the assumption that economic interests and the activities of economic leaders should be entirely subordinated to racial and national considerations. All countries of the world constantly raised tariff barriers to reduce imports to a minimum. Hitler recommended much more radical measures. Germany must cut itself off from the rest of Europe and achieve complete self-sufficiency. A sufficient amount of food for the existence of the Reich can be produced within its own borders or on the territory of the agricultural countries of Eastern Europe. Terrible economic upheaval would have occurred if Germany had not already been under extreme stress and had not become accustomed to it. The fight against international finance capital and loans became the main point of the program to achieve independence and freedom for Germany. The hard line of the National Socialists eliminated the need for forced labor (Zinsknechtschaft). Peasants, workers, bourgeoisie, large industrialists - the entire people were dependent on foreign capital. It is necessary to free the state and people from this dependence and create national state capitalism. The Reichsbank must be brought under government control. Money for all government programs such as hydropower development and road construction must be raised through the issuance of government interest-free bonds (Staatskassengutscheine). It is necessary to create construction companies and industrial banks that will provide interest-free loans. Any fortunes accumulated during the 1st World War should be considered acquired through criminal means. Profits received from military orders are subject to confiscation. Trade credits should be under government control. The entire system of industrial enterprises must be restructured in such a way as to ensure the participation of workers and employees in profits.
Old age pensions must be introduced. Large department stores such as Tietz, Karstadt and Wertheim should be converted into cooperatives and rented out to small traders.
In general, the arguments presented in Mein Kampf were negative in nature and were aimed at all dissatisfied elements in Germany. Hitler's views were strongly nationalistic, openly socialist and anti-democratic. In addition, he preached ardent anti-Semitism and attacked parliamentarism, Catholicism and Marxism.
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Two volumes and 500 pages of repetitive, pompous and primitive denunciations - that's what Mein Kampf is. However, the book has its own logic. The ideas - which at first served as election statements, and became cold reality after Hitler came to power - were anti-Versailles, anti-Weimar, anti-communist and anti-Semitic. In this article we will look at such anti-ideas, as well as others, such as the “unity of the German people” and the idea of racial superiority.
Autobiography and Worldview
In addition to expressing the essence of Nazism, Mein Kampf contains interesting outside statements and, thanks to the amazing frankness of the author, sheds some light on the worldview of one of the most hated dictators of the twentieth century. Adolf of Austria had enough self-confidence to become dictator of a neighboring country.
Mein Kampf shows Hitler's obvious arrogance. He writes that during his school years he was an unusually gifted boy, with “innate oratorical talent...<и>obvious talent for drawing." Moreover, he “became a little leader. Classes were given at school<ему>very easy". However, the truth is that Hitler left school at 16 without a diploma. Still, he showed some modesty when he declared that “every great movement on this earth owes its rise to great orators, not great writers.” Without a doubt, Hitler was not an outstanding writer.
How then did the book see the light of day? Hitler's coup attempt in November 1923 in Munich ended in failure and his imprisonment. Ironically, the Beer Hall Putsch definitely played into the hands of the Nazi leader. Hitler became known as a man of action: the putsch brought him national fame and attracted the attention of the elites, who only slapped Hitler on the wrist, sentencing him to five years in prison, of which he served only 9 months. Hitler's revolutionary efforts led to him increasingly becoming a representative, or rather even an exponent, of the political rights of Germany. Hitler undoubtedly became part of the conservative and nationalist hostility against the post-war Weimar Republic.
James Murphy, the translator of Mein Kampf into English, noted in a 1939 edition that Hitler “wrote under emotional stress caused by the historical events of the time.” Murphy is referring to the specific circumstances of 1923 that put Germany in a desperate situation - hyperinflation, difficulties in paying reparations, the Ruhr conflict and the desire of Bavaria to secede and form an independent Catholic state.
Despite the failure of the coup, imprisonment provided Hitler with the time and space to write down—or at least dictate—his ideas. The imprisonment allowed Hitler “to work on the book that many of my friends have long asked me to write and which I myself think is useful for our movement.” It was Rudolf Hess, a party comrade, also imprisoned in Landsberg prison, who recorded Hitler's statements. How much he participated in writing the book, no one knows. Hitler dedicated his book to the 18 martyrs, the “fallen heroes” of the Beer Hall Putsch; while the second volume (under the title "The National Socialist Movement") was written in memory of his close friend Dietrich Eckhart.
Mein Kampf describes Hitler's early years in Lambach, his time spent in the coffee shops of Vienna, and his participation in the First World War. Between 1907 and 1913 Hitler accomplished nothing in Vienna except to become a caustic political commentator. During these six years, he observed the work of the Austrian parliament - the Reichsrat - criticized the deputies for the use of Slavic languages, criticized the apparent chaos, but most of all criticized the "bargaining and deals around the appointment of heads of individual ministries."
Be that as it may, the great war filled his life with light. Indeed, he writes that when war broke out: “I immediately applied to be accepted as a volunteer into one of the Bavarian regiments.” Here Hitler notes that he was going to serve Germany, and not the multinational, fragile Austrian Empire into which he was born.
Apart from autobiographical information and obvious anger, Hitler demonstrates a certain consistency of thoughts and themes. First, “a person develops for himself, so to speak, a common platform, from the point of view of which he can determine his attitude to this or that political problem. Only after a person has developed the foundations of such a worldview and has acquired solid ground under his feet can he more or less firmly take a position on topical issues.” The search and expression of such a worldview became his main work - Mein Kampf. For his views on reality, Hitler turned to such 19th-century ideas as social Darwinism, eugenics and anti-Semitism - a concept introduced by Wilhelm Marr to denote hatred of Jews.
Hitler, as a social Darwinist, regarded life (and the existence of a nation) as a struggle for survival. In contrast to his Marxist rivals, who focused on class struggle, Hitler focused on interracial conflict. He believed that peoples and races were in inevitable competition with each other and only the fittest could survive. It is interesting that he originally called his work “Four and a half years of struggle against lies, stupidity and cowardice.” The man who suggested the much simpler title of Mein Kampf - "My Struggle" - was the publisher Max Amann, disappointed by the small amount of autobiographical information described by Hitler.
His book expresses a passionate and turbid nationalism that seeks to revive ancient Germanic myths. Mein Kampf is the work of a staunch anti-Semite who managed to link hatred of Jews with his views on the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919, the Weimar Republic and Marxism. In this sense, it can be said that Hitler's writing fueled, and perhaps shaped, the main campaign statements of the Nazis. In addition to his conservative views, Hitler expressed his racial-nationalist beliefs.
Hitler's obsessive nationalism is confirmed by one of the most interesting passages of Mein Kampf - Hitler's incredible obsession with the anthem "Deutschland über Alles" (Germany Above All). He tells how he and his comrades sang this song loudly in the trenches, at party meetings and at any opportunity to raise their spirits. Adolf was undoubtedly the best singer: after all, he had been a church choir boy as a child.
Adolf not only drew out notes for a long time, he also harbored a grudge for a long time. Nationalists and many German soldiers returning from the war were convinced that the victory of the Entente was ensured by workers' strikes (during the revolutionary unrest in the fall of 1918) and the surrender of the government. Mein Kampf supports this "Legend of the Stab in the Back", but also unwittingly demonstrates Hitler's ignorance of the shortages and the plight of the military in Germany, which was in the grip of an influenza epidemic ("Spanish Flu"). It was impossible to continue to maintain military tension, moreover, if the Weimar government did not capitulate, Germany would face invasion and occupation.
Against the Treaty of Versailles
Mein Kampf focuses on the German surrender and peace terms. In the very first paragraph of the book, Hitler defends the violation of the Versailles terms and claims that Anschluss (union) with Austria for the sake of Greater Germany is “a goal that must be achieved by all means.” He goes on to say:
“Only after the German Empire includes within its borders the last German, only after it turns out that such a Germany is not able to sufficiently feed its entire population, does the emerging need give the people the moral right to acquire foreign lands. Then the sword begins play the role of a plow, then the bloody tears of war will water the land, which should provide the daily bread for future generations."
The book calls for the violation of international law, especially the overcoming of the Versailles conditions and the losses that Germany suffered. For this purpose, Hitler is ready to advocate the use of “all the power of the sword.” However, a return to the previous situation is not enough for Hitler. First he wants Anschluss, and then “living space”:
“To become a world power, Germany must certainly acquire those dimensions that alone can provide it with its due role under modern conditions and guarantee life for all residents of Germany.”
Hitler believed that such security would be ensured by the conditions reached by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. This agreement, concluded with defeated Russia, cut off from it the western territories - from the Baltic states to the Caucasus - which contained half of Russian industry and agricultural land.
Strangely, Hitler considered the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to be “incredibly humane” and the Treaty of Versailles to be “a robbery in broad daylight.” Undoubtedly, territorial losses, reparations and responsibility for starting the war were a heavy burden, but no less difficult were the conditions of the German “peace” imposed on defeated Russia.
Hitler believed that Germany's territory was unacceptably small compared to Great Britain, Russia, China and America. Mein Kampf does not hide the military goals and conquests that the Nazi leader sought. Moreover, he made his ambitions public. And such sincerity should have warned the Allies against appeasement in the 1930s.
Against the Weimar Republic
Post-war Germany was bound by a parliamentary constitution and a proportional electoral system. This marked a complete break with the Kaiser's Germany. Hitler treated this system with contempt: “The democracy that exists today in Western Europe is the harbinger of Marxism.” Moreover, he did not particularly trust voters: “The people for the most part are stupid and forgetful.”
He showed no less inclination when criticizing the Weimar Republic, calling the Reichstag a “puppet theater.” Of course, Weimar democracy had growing pains, and short-lived, fragile political coalitions did not strengthen that democracy at all. However, Hitler was indignant at the democratic system itself: “The majority<избирателей>are not only representatives of stupidity, but also representatives of cowardice.”
Against communism
Fear of the chaos of the bloody Russian Revolution of 1917 added another theme to the list of hatreds of Hitler, who became an unapologetic anti-communist and anti-socialist. Hitler mourned the fall of the tsarist regime, whose ruling elite he considered “German.” While the new Bolshevik system was just a manifestation and platform of Jewish aggression. He believed that the communists are “a human scum that took a huge state by surprise, carried out a wild and bloody massacre of millions of advanced intelligent people, actually exterminated the intelligentsia and now, for almost ten years, has been carrying out the most cruel tyranny that has ever known story". Remembering the unrest of the workers, whom Hitler blamed for the surrender of Germany in 1918, and further socialist unrest, he confidently believed that “the closest bait for Bolshevism at the present time is precisely Germany.”
Hitler hated the draft dodgers, deserters and scoundrels who escaped the “battles of Flanders Fields” and instead precipitated the November Revolution of 1918. “Because of Marxist machinations, the Social Democratic Party, with its vocal commitment to the new republic, helped suppress the radicals (independent socialists and Spartacists) and effectively crushed the Weimar Republic."
Hitler saw Russia not only as a hotbed of communism, he also saw it as a hotbed of influential Jews and, most importantly, as a source of limitless resources and land. “When we talk about the conquest of new lands in Europe, we, of course, can primarily mean only Russia and those peripheral states that are subordinate to it.” And further: “Russia, having lost its supreme German layer, has already ceased to have any significance as a possible ally of the German nation... in order to carry out a successful struggle against Jewish attempts to Bolshevize the whole world, we must, first of all, take a clear position on attitude towards Soviet Russia." Total hostility! Nothing changed for Hitler from the time he wrote Mein Kampf until the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Only naked pragmatism forced him to sign a short-term and cynical non-aggression pact with the USSR on August 23, 1939.
National unity
In contrast to international Bolshevism, which appealed to the working class, Hitler advocated a nationalism that permeated all levels of society. The idea of popular unity (Volksgemeinschaft) became a logical continuation of the wartime unity when the combat experience of soldiers first reflected the cohesion of Germany. “We soldiers at the front and in the trenches did not ask a wounded comrade: “Are you a Bavarian or a Prussian?” Catholic or Protestant? We felt national unity in the trenches."
Just as Italian soldiers were willing to pull on black fascist shirts in opposition to the corrupt post-war government, so German soldiers joined the ranks of the Freikorps, and some also joined the Assault Detachments (SA).
Strongly envious of the ancient, fantastic-looking empires of Britain and France, German nationalists decided to rely on their 19th-century philosophers, who brought back to life the heroic legends of the past. After all, Germany, one way or another, was a separate European community, and which had its own “special path” (Sonderweg). Hitler was certainly convinced of the inextricable connection of the German people with the Holy Roman Empire, the Prussia of Frederick the Great and Bismarck's Germany. German individuality was clearly visible in the writings of Goethe, Hegel and Nietzsche. The identity of the Germans and their characteristic self-examination were reflected in the music of Richard Wagner, whom Hitler adored.
Ideas of national unity and German individuality were not so rare at that time. However, Hitler took nationalism to its most radical form - the superiority of the Aryan race over all others. Hitler argued that Germany was an integral part of the superior Aryan culture and race. This is how he reflected during his conclusion: “Everything that we have now in the sense of human culture, in the sense of the results of art, science and technology - all this is almost exclusively the product of the creativity of the Aryans.” Noting such obvious qualities of the Aryans, he demanded their preservation: “The state is a means to an end,<которая>consists, first of all, in preserving only that core that truly belongs to a given race and ensures for it the development of those forces that are inherent in this race.”
Hitler defended outdated, anti-scientific ideas of racial purity. He was afraid of the dissolution of Aryan qualities among the Germans and drew parallels with the animal world: “Each animal mates only with its mate in kind and species. Titmouse goes to titmouse, finch to finch! Hitler warned that France's strength was being sacrificed to its colonial and social policies, which would sooner or later lead to "the last vestiges of Frankish blood disappearing, dissolving into a new European-African mulatto state."
In Mein Kampf, Hitler pays tribute to another obvious racial quality: “The Greek ideal of beauty remained immortal because here we had an amazing combination of physical beauty with the nobility of the soul and the broad flight of the mind.”
Hitler advocates two hours of daily physical education at school. “At the same time, in no case should we give up one important sport, which, unfortunately, in our own environment is sometimes looked down upon - I’m talking about boxing... We do not know of any other sport that would produce to such an extent in a person the ability to attack, the ability to make decisions with lightning speed, and which in general would contribute to the hardening of the body to such an extent.” Despite Hitler's admiration for boxing, the German world heavyweight champion of the early 1930s, Max Schmeling, nevertheless neatly avoided joining the NSDAP and never became an Aryan icon. Instead, Schmeling continued to train under a Jewish coach, and later even harbored Jews.
It is clear that Hitler's racial nationalism and passion for popular unity were superimposed on the false idea of Aryan superiority. Germany was to become a pure national community based on an idealized idea of the Aryans. It is in the interests of the nation, he writes, “that people with beautiful bodies marry, for only this can provide our people with truly beautiful offspring.”
Later, Nazi policies and organizations such as the Hitler Youth and the KDF (Leisure Institute) promoted the image of blond, healthy children and their families. The Nazi system even proclaimed the idea of artificial selection: schoolchildren studied eugenics, and girls followed the “Ten Commandments of choosing a groom.” Healthy, partnerless women were encouraged to use Lebensborn (“source of life”) clinics to produce the next generation of Aryans.
Against the Jews
Hitler's idealized ideas of Germanness and Aryanism are most easily understood against the backdrop of a caricature of Jewry. Throughout the book, he returns repeatedly to the "Jewish question." He is practically obsessed with this topic.
From one perspective, Hitler describes the Jewish inhabitants of the Viennese slums: “These people don’t particularly like to wash... At least I often began to feel sick from the mere smell of these gentlemen in long caftans. Add to this the untidiness of the costume and the unheroic appearance.” From other positions, he notes the Jewishness of Social Democrats and journalists. Moreover, for him they were Marxists who wanted to destroy the national economy and tried to create for themselves “a certain independent base, not subject to any control of other states, so that from there it would be possible to continue the policy of global fraud even more unchecked.”
Hitler's description of Jewish bankers and political leaders is even more unfortunate: both groups strive for their goal of Zionism - the establishment of Jewish dominance. From his Social Darwinist point of view, Hitler believed that race war was inevitable and sought an opportunity to stop the “conquest of the world by the Jews.” That is, he attributed his own base goals to the Jews!
Ominously and prophetically, Hitler laments: “If at the beginning of the war we had decided to suffocate with poisonous gases 12-15 thousand of these Jewish leaders who were destroying our people... then the millions of sacrifices we made on the fields of war would not have been in vain.” In these terms, Mein Kampf offers a possible solution to the “Jewish question.”
Conclusion
Against the backdrop of the majestic projects of conquest and theories of superiority presented in Mein Kampf, Hitler also included quite earthly details in his work - in a sense, these are the most interesting passages in the book. Hitler mentions dates, numbers of visitors and even the weather during party meetings. He cites his successful arguments at large-scale meetings in coffee shops. He also talks about Nazi posters: “We chose the red color for our posters, of course, not by chance, but after mature reflection. We wanted to irritate the Reds as much as possible, arouse their indignation and provoke them to start attending our meetings.”
However, in addition to the fundamental opposition to Versailles, Weimar, communism, the USSR and Jewry, Mein Kampf contains Nazi campaign statements (in such slogans as “Break the chains of Versailles” and “Down with weak Weimar democracy”) and predictions of the main directions of domestic and Hitler's foreign policy in the 1930s. Admittedly, he subsequently tried to downplay the significance of the ideas revealed in Mein Kampf. As Reich Chancellor, he even insisted that his book reflected only “fantasies behind bars.” In the same way, he tried to distance himself in the eyes of foreign audiences from his most radical and aggressive ideas: this is evidenced by the non-aggression treaties with Poland (1934) and with the Soviet Union (1939).
In 1939, translator Murphy reported to English readers of Mein Kampf that Hitler stated that his actions and public statements should be regarded as a partial revision of certain provisions of his book.
The problem with this optimistic view was that by this time Hitler had already spurred the widespread use of concentration camps, approved of the bloodshed of Kristallnacht, eliminated the demilitarization of the Rhineland, provided military aid to General Franco's fascists, captured Austria and annexed the Sudetenland. Without any doubt, Hitler was preparing for a big war. According to historian Alan Bullock: “The goal of his international policy never changed, from the opening lines of Mein Kampf in the 1920s until the attack on the USSR in 1941: Germany must expand east.”
Mein Kampf allowed Hitler's "blueprint" for the Third Reich to become public knowledge. Shortly before his death, in his farewell political statement, Hitler stuck to the same problems that he expressed in 1924. In the destruction of Berlin, Adolf wrote: “From the ashes of our cities and monuments will arise hatred of international Jewry, which is most responsible for everything.”
Hitler's main work did not die with him and did not lose its real meaning: as usual, evil outlives its parents for a long time. Nowadays, Hitler's writing is banned in most of Europe and this is probably why it became an underground and illegal cult classic for all the Nazis in modern Germany and Austria.
Britain has its own home-grown racist, John Tyndale, inspired by the words of Hitler. Tyndale was chairman of the National Front before the founding of the British National Party: he unabashedly declared that "Mein Kampf is like the Bible to me." He advocated the expulsion of immigrants from Britain and, in Nazi style, demanded the introduction of “racial laws prohibiting marriage between Britons and non-Aryans: medical measures should be used to prevent the reproduction of those with hereditary diseases.” Shortly before his death in July 2005, he was belatedly arrested on charges of racial hatred.
Anti-Israeli sentiment in the Arab world often turns to anti-Semitism; hence the popularity of Hitler's writing in this world. At the turn of 2005, 100 thousand copies of Mein Kampf were sold in Turkey in two weeks. And in Palestine, denunciations of Hitler have long topped the bestseller list. Earlier, Egyptian President Nasser, who was trying to lead the Arab world against Israel, found a great way to motivate army officers - to give them a pocket edition of the Arabic translation of Mein Kampf. Whether they read Hitler's pompous prose or not - that is the question!
In 1979, when Tanzanian troops successfully repelled the onslaught of the Ugandan army and in turn captured the enemy capital, a copy of Mein Kampf was discovered on the table in the office of dictator Idi Amin. The notorious African firebrand dictator of Uganda was also an outspoken critic of the British Empire. He even proclaimed himself King of Scotland! The influence that Hitler's writing had on a man like Idi Amin clearly shows what the book represents and who its readers are.
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