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Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov
The work was carried out by Evdokimova Maria, an 11th grade student from the Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School of Piterka”.
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Childhood
Alexander Butlerov was born in September 1828 on his father’s family estate, the Butlerovka estate in Spassky district, Kazan province. His father was a landowner, a retired officer, and his mother died early and Sasha was brought up in one of the private boarding houses existing in the city of Kazan.
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"The Great Chemist"
Already as a boarding school student, Sasha became interested in chemical experiments. He hid reagents and secretly conducted experiments in his room. But one of them ended in an explosion. Sasha's hair and face were severely singed. The punishment was sophisticated: the culprit was brought into the hall where all the pupils were gathered with a sign “Great Chemist” hung on his chest. They wanted to laugh at him, but Butlerov is still rightfully considered the founder of organic chemistry.
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Teaching
Butlerov graduated from Kazan University when he turned 21. At Klaus's suggestion, he was retained as a teacher. From the age of forty until the last year of his life, he taught at St. Petersburg University, and from the age of 50, he also taught at the Higher Courses for Women. Alexander Mikhailovich was a champion of higher education for women.
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Scientific activity
In 1861, at the congress of German naturalists and doctors, Alexander Mikhailovich presented his report “On the chemical structure of matter,” where the main provisions of the theory of chemical structure were formulated. In 1866, his textbook “Introduction to the Complete Study of Organic Chemistry” was published, which became the prototype of all organic chemistry textbooks for the next 100 years!
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Basic principles of the theory of chemical structure of A. M. Butlerov
Atoms in molecules are connected in a strictly defined order in accordance with the valency of the elements. The properties of substances depend not only on their quantitative and qualitative composition, but also on their chemical structure. Atoms in molecules mutually influence each other. The properties of substances are determined by their structure, and, conversely, knowing the structure, one can predict the properties. The chemical structure of substances can be determined by chemical methods.
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Mendeleev and Butlerov
D. Mendeleev and A. Butlerov headed the departments of inorganic and organic chemistry at St. Petersburg University. They weren't friends. Their first clash occurred due to their passion for spiritualism. Butlerov actively promoted spiritualism, which caused Mendeleev’s indignation. In the 1870s, Mendeleev opposed Butlerov's theory of chemical structure. As a result, university students took a course in inorganic chemistry from Mendeleev, where he denied the theory of chemical structure, and then listened to Butlerov, who argued the usefulness of this theory. After 1880, Mendeleev stopped his attacks against the theory of chemical structure.
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Beekeeping
A. Butlerov was interested in bees and bumblebees throughout his life. In the summer months, while living at the dacha, he was breeding bees and studying their habits. He was fascinated by the ability of these insects to transform nectar collected in flowering fields into honey, containing sugary substances and “a whole medicine cabinet of chemical compounds beneficial to health.” Butlerov was the first chemist to carry out the complete synthesis of a sugary substance in 1861, which he called “methylenenitane”.
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Death of A. M. Butlerov
In 1886, Alexander Mikhailovich began to take out a book from the closet. He had to climb onto a chair, he made an awkward movement and felt severe pain under his knee. The next day he developed a tumor. Butlerov was operated on. Then he began to walk and even went hunting. After returning from hunting, Butlerov felt unwell and soon died, only 20 days shy of 58 years old. During the civil war of 1918-1921. The Butlerov estate was burned, so all the manuscripts and letters of the scientist were not preserved.
Presentation on the topic "The theory of the structure of chemical compounds by A. M. Butlerov" in chemistry in powerpoint format. This presentation for schoolchildren tells about the great Russian scientist Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov and his theory of the structure of chemical compounds.
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Butlerov Alexander Mikhailovich (1828-1886)
Russian chemist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (since 1874). Graduated from Kazan University (1849). He worked there (since 1857 - professor, in 1860 and 1863 - rector). Creator of the theory of the chemical structure of organic compounds, which underlies modern chemistry. He substantiated the idea of the mutual influence of atoms in a molecule. Predicted and explained the isomerism of many organic compounds. Wrote “An Introduction to the Complete Study of Organic Chemistry” (1864), the first manual in the history of science based on the theory of chemical structure. Chairman of the Chemistry Department of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society (1878-1882).
Personal qualities of A. M. Butlerov
- A. M. Butlerov was distinguished by his encyclopedic chemical knowledge, ability to analyze and generalize facts, and make predictions. He predicted the existence of the butane isomer, and then obtained it, as well as the butylene isomer - isobutylene.
- A. M. Butlerov created the first school of organic chemists in Russia, from which brilliant scientists emerged: V. V. Markovnikov, D. P. Konovalov, A. E. Favorsky and others.
- No wonder D.I. Mendeleev wrote: “A. M. Butlerov is one of the greatest Russian scientists, he is Russian both in his scientific education and in the originality of his works.”
Theory of the structure of organic compounds
- The theory of the chemical structure of organic compounds, put forward by A. M. Butlerov in the second half of the last century (1861), was confirmed by the works of many scientists, including Butlerov’s students and himself.
- It turned out to be possible on its basis to explain many phenomena that had not yet been interpreted: isomerism, homology, the manifestation of tetravalency by carbon atoms in organic substances.
- The theory also fulfilled its predictive function: on its basis, scientists predicted the existence of still unknown compounds, described their properties and discovered them.
Basic principles of the theory of the structure of chemical compounds
First position
Atoms in molecules are combined in a specific order according to their valency. (Carbon is tetravalent).
- Tetravalent carbon atoms can combine with each other to form different chains:
- the order of connection of carbon atoms in molecules can be different and depends on the type of covalent chemical bond between carbon atoms - single or multiple (double and triple):
Second position
- The properties of substances depend not only on their qualitative and quantitative composition, but also on the structure of their molecules.
- This position explains the phenomenon of isomerism. Substances that have the same composition, but different chemical or spatial structures, and therefore different properties, are called isomers.
Types of isomerism:
- Structural (carbon skeleton isomerism; positional isomerism; homologous series isomerism)
- Spatial (cis -, trans isomerism)
Structural isomerism
Structural isomerism, in which substances differ in the order of bonding of atoms in molecules:
- carbon skeleton isomerism
- positional isomerism
- isomerism of homologous series (interclass)
Spatial isomerism
Spatial isomerism, in which the molecules of substances differ not in the order of bonding of atoms, but in their position in space: cis-, trans-isomerism (geometric).
Third position
- The properties of substances depend on the mutual influence of atoms in molecules.
- For example, in acetic acid only one of the four hydrogen atoms reacts with an alkali. Based on this, it can be assumed that only one hydrogen atom is bonded to oxygen:
- On the other hand, from the structural formula of acetic acid we can conclude that it contains one mobile hydrogen atom, that is, that it is monobasic.
The creation of the theory of the structure of substances played a crucial role in the development of organic chemistry:
- From a predominantly descriptive science, it turns into a creative, synthesizing science; it becomes possible to judge the mutual influence of atoms in the molecules of various substances.
- The theory of structure created the prerequisites for explaining and predicting various types of isomerism of organic molecules, as well as the directions and mechanisms of chemical reactions.
- Based on this theory, organic chemists create substances that not only replace natural ones, but significantly surpass them in their properties. Thus, synthetic dyes are much better and cheaper than many natural ones, for example, alizarin and indigo, known in ancient times. Synthetic rubbers with a wide variety of properties are produced in large quantities. Plastics and fibers are widely used, products from which are used in technology, everyday life, medicine, and agriculture.
The significance of the theory of chemical structure of A.M. Butlerov for organic chemistry can be compared with the significance of the Periodic Law and the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements of D.I. Mendeleev for inorganic chemistry.
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Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov
Mikhailov Mikhail 9 "B"
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Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov (1828 - 1886) - Russian chemist, creator of the theory of chemical structure, founder of the “Butlerov school” of Russian chemists, beekeeper scientist, public figure.
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Scientific contribution
Butlerov first expressed the basic ideas of the theory of chemical structure in 1861. He outlined the main provisions of his theory in a report “On the chemical structure of matter,” read in the chemical section of the Congress of German Naturalists and Doctors in Speyer. The basics of this theory are formulated as follows:
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“Assuming that each chemical atom has only a certain and limited amount of chemical force (affinity) with which it takes part in the formation of a body, I would call chemical structure this chemical bond, or the way of mutual connection of atoms in a complex body.”
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2. “... the chemical nature of a complex particle is determined by the nature of its elementary constituent parts, their quantity and chemical structure”
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All other provisions of the classical theory of chemical structure are associated with this postulate. Butlerov outlines the path for determining the chemical structure and formulates the rules that can be followed in this case. Leaving open the question of the preferred form of formulas for chemical structure, Butlerov spoke about their meaning: “... when the general laws of the dependence of the chemical properties of bodies on their chemical structure become known, then such a formula will be an expression of all these properties.”
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Butlerov was the first to explain the phenomenon of isomerism by the fact that isomers are compounds that have the same elementary composition, but different chemical structures. The dependence of the properties of isomers on their chemical structure is explained by the existence in them of “mutual influence of atoms” transmitted along the bonds. Atoms take on different “chemical meanings.” This general position was concretized in the form of numerous “rules” in the 20th century. these rules have received an electronic interpretation.
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Of great importance for the development of the theory of chemical structure was its experimental confirmation in the works of Butlerov. In 1864, Butlerov predicted the existence of two butanes and three pentanes and isobutylene. In order to carry the ideas of the theory of chemical structure through all of organic chemistry, Butlerov published in 1864-1866 in Kazan three editions of “An Introduction to the Complete Study of Organic Chemistry.”
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Social activity
In 1882, in connection with the academic elections, Butlerov turned directly to public opinion by publishing an accusatory article in the Moscow newspaper Rus, “Russian or only the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg?”
Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov () Russian chemist, creator of the theory of chemical structure, founder of the “Butlerov school” of Russian chemists, beekeeper scientist, public figure.
Scientific contribution Butlerov first expressed the main ideas of the theory of chemical structure in the report “On the chemical structure of matter,” read in the chemical section of the Congress of German naturalists and doctors in Speyer. The basics of this theory are formulated as follows:
1. “Assuming that each chemical atom has only a certain and limited amount of chemical force (affinity) with which it takes part in the formation of a body, I would call chemical structure this chemical bond, or the way of mutual connection of atoms in a complex body.”
All other provisions of the classical theory of chemical structure are associated with this postulate. Butlerov outlines the path for determining the chemical structure and formulates the rules that can be followed in this case. Leaving open the question of the preferred form of formulas for chemical structure, Butlerov spoke about their meaning: “... when the general laws of the dependence of the chemical properties of bodies on their chemical structure become known, then such a formula will be an expression of all these properties.”
Butlerov was the first to explain the phenomenon of isomerism by the fact that isomers are compounds that have the same elementary composition, but different chemical structures. The dependence of the properties of isomers on their chemical structure is explained by the existence in them of “mutual influence of atoms” transmitted along the bonds. Atoms take on different “chemical meanings.” This general position was concretized in the form of numerous “rules” in the 20th century. these rules have received an electronic interpretation.
Of great importance for the development of the theory of chemical structure was its experimental confirmation in the works of Butlerov. In 1864, Butlerov predicted the existence of two butanes and three pentanes and isobutylene. In order to carry the ideas of the theory of chemical structure through all of organic chemistry, Butlerov published in Kazan three editions of “Introduction to the complete study of organic chemistry.”
Public activity In 1882, in connection with the academic elections, Butlerov turned directly to public opinion by publishing an accusatory article in the Moscow newspaper Rus, “Russian or only the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg?”
In addition to chemistry, Butlerov paid a lot of attention to practical issues of agriculture, gardening, and beekeeping. Butlerov was the founder and editor-in-chief of the Russian Beekeeping List. The book he wrote, “The Bee, Its Life and the Main Rules of Intelligent Beekeeping,” went through more than 10 reprints before the revolution, and was also published during Soviet times. Since the late 1860s. showed interest in mediumship and spiritualism.
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Slide captions:
Alexander Mikhailovich BUTLEROV Presentation of chemistry teacher of school No. 122 of the Central district of St. Petersburg Svetlana Viktorovna Pospelova
A.M. Butlerov One of the outstanding theorists and brilliant experimental chemists. Created a theory of chemical structure. He was the head of the largest Kazan school of Russian organic chemists.
Childhood and youth Born on September 15, 1828 in the city of Chistopol, Kazan Province, into the family of a landowner. His mother died suddenly when he was only 11 days old. The boy was raised by his father and aunts. At the age of eight he was sent to a private boarding school in Kazan
Years of study At the age of 8, Butlerov was transferred to the 1st Kazan gymnasium. In 1844, when Butlerov was 16 years old, he entered Kazan University in the “category of natural sciences,” which he graduated in 1849. After graduating from the university (1849), Alexander Butlerov was involved in teaching and lectured on physics, chemistry and physical geography. In 1854, Butlerov brilliantly passed the examination for the degree of Doctor of Chemistry at Moscow University and defended his dissertation “On Essential Oils.” In 1857, he visited all the best European laboratories, listened to lectures by outstanding scientists and met with the most prominent Western European representatives of chemical science
Butlerov's family life In Kazan, Butlerov rented an apartment from Sofia Timofeevna Aksakova, an energetic and determined woman. The young scientist was clearly not indifferent to Nadenka. The girl was really pretty, with a high, intelligent forehead, large sparkling eyes, stern, regular facial features and some kind of special charm. In 1851, Nadezhda Mikhailovna Glumilina, the niece of the writer S.T. Aksakova became the wife of Alexander Mikhailovich. Soon they had a son, Mikhail, and then a second, Vladimir.
Not yet a great chemist, but no longer a botanist and entymologist Butlerov all his life considered N.N. Zinin his teacher. In 1857, in France, he worked in the laboratory of the famous chemist A. Wurtz. In Germany, he met the young A. Kekule
Butlerov - experimenter and theorist Returning to Kazan, the scientist rebuilt the laboratory and began experimental research. In 1861, he was the first to obtain a sugary substance through synthesis. In September 1861, in Germany, at a congress of German doctors and naturalists, he made his famous report “On the chemical structure of matter.” Returning from abroad, he wrote a number of articles where he developed the new teaching in more detail.
Recommendation by D.I. Mendeleev “A.M. Butlerov is one of the greatest Russian scientists. He is Russian both in his scientific education and in the originality of his works. A student of our famous academician N.N. Zimin, he became a chemist not in foreign lands, but in Kazan, where he continues to develop the school of chemistry.”
In May 1868, A.M. Butlerov, on the recommendation of D.I. Mendeleev, was elected professor at the Department of Chemistry at St. Petersburg University. At the beginning of 1869, Butlerov moved to St. Petersburg. In 1872-1882. was president of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society.
At St. Petersburg University, he began giving lectures and got the opportunity to organize his own chemical laboratory. Butlerov developed a new method of teaching students, offering the now universally accepted laboratory workshop, in which students were taught how to work with a variety of chemical equipment.
Leisure Butlerov liked to devote his free time to agriculture, gardening, and beekeeping. In January 1886, in St. Petersburg, under the editorship of Academician A. M. Butlerov, the first issue of the magazine “Russian Beekeeping Leaflet” was published. This was an outstanding event in the history of domestic beekeeping.
Students of A.M.Butlerov
The scientist died from blockage of blood vessels on August 5, 1886 on his estate. Butlerov was buried in the family chapel in the rural cemetery of the now defunct village of Butlerovka, on the banks of the Kama.
Memory of Butlerov The memory of Butlerov was immortalized only under Soviet rule; An academic publication of his works was carried out. In 1953, a monument to him was unveiled in front of the building of the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University.
Butlerova street in St. Petersburg