Pozharsky Dmitry Mikhailovich biography briefly the most important. Prince Dmitry Pozharsky - Suzdal - history - catalog of articles - unconditional love

Dmitry Pozharsky

Dmitry Pozharsky

D.M. was born. Pozharsky is in the family of one of the Rurikovich descendants. His father, Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky, is a descendant in the 13th generation of the Grand Duke of Suzdal and Vladimir, and then the Grand Duke of Kyiv. His mother, Evfrosinya Fedorovna Beklemisheva, was from a noble old noble family. She married Mikhail Fedorovich in 1571. At that time, Tsar Ivan IV (the Terrible) ruled in Rus'. Apparently, Mikhail Fedorovich did not serve in the civil service, since, according to historians, he is not visible anywhere in the discharge books of that time. He lived with Euphrosyne Fedorovna for a relatively short time, since in August 1587 Mikhail Fedorovich died.
Evfrosinya Fedorovna and Mikhail Fedorovich had three children - daughter Daria and two sons - Dmitry and Vasily. When her father died, Daria was fifteen years old, and Dmitry was nine. It can be assumed that shortly before his death, Mikhail Fedorovich and his family lived in one of his estates, most likely in the Suzdal district, since he was buried in the family tomb of the Pozharsky princes - in the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery in Suzdal. An interesting fact is that, to commemorate his soul, the prince bequeathed one of his villages to the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery and the deed of sale for this village, transferred to the monastery after the death of the prince, was personally signed by his son Dmitry, although he was only nine years old. This suggests that the Pozharsky family paid great attention to the education of children, in particular, teaching them to read and write from an early age. And at the age of nine, Dmitry already knew how to read and write.

After the death of Mikhail Fedorovich, the Pozharsky family moved to Moscow, where Dmitry Mikhailovich’s grandfather, Fyodor Ivanovich Pozharsky, had his own house on Arbat. And in 1593, fifteen-year-old Dmitry entered the sovereign's service, although in the discharge books he was mentioned only in 1598, with the rank of “solicitor with a dress.” In the same year, he, along with other nobles, signed a conciliar resolution on the election of Boris Fedorovich Godunov as tsar. Pozharsky faithfully serves the new tsar and in 1602 receives the rank of steward. The king and mother D.M. are approaching. Pozharsky - Evfrosinya Feodorovna, who first becomes the noblewoman of the Tsar’s daughter, Ksenia, and then the supreme noblewoman of the Tsarina herself, Maria Grigorievna Godunova. After the death of Tsar B.F. Godunov in April 1605, the Pretender, False Dmitry I, a protege of the Polish king Sigismund III, came to power.

With the coming to power of False Dmitry I, to whom both Moscow and the boyar Duma swore allegiance, Pozharsky continued to be at court. In May 1606, the Pretender was killed and Prince Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky, to whom D.M. also swore allegiance, was named king. Pozharsky. However, with the appearance in Rus' of the second Pretender - False Dmitry II, Russian lands are invaded by detachments of Lithuanians and Poles who, supporting False Dmitry II, begin to plunder and ruin Russian cities, villages, churches and monasteries. Tsar Shuisky is trying to organize a fight against the new Pretender and uninvited guests, Lithuanians and Poles, mobilizing all the means at his disposal. And among other close associates, he dispatches Prince D.M. to fight the Lithuanians and Poles. Pozharsky - first as a regimental voivode in 1608, and then appointed him voivode to the city of Zaraysk, Ryazan district in February 1610.

For his zealous service in defending the Fatherland from the Poles, Pozharsky received from Tsar V.I. Shuisky in 1610 to the patrimony from his old estate in the Suzdal district, the village of Nizhny Landeh and the village of Kholui with villages, repairs and wastelands. The letter of grant stated that he “showed a lot of service and generosity, he endured hunger and poverty in everything and every need of siege for a long time, and he did not encroach on thieves’ charms and troubles, he stood in the firmness of his mind firmly and unshakably without any unsteadiness." And, indeed, throughout his life D.M. Pozharsky never betrayed his duty either to the Russian sovereigns or to his Fatherland. And he enjoyed great respect not only from his like-minded people, but also from his opponents. Not once in his life did D.M. Pozharsky was not convicted of any treason, forgery, meanness, embezzlement, hypocrisy, cruelty towards anyone or any other negative actions. On the contrary, he was distinguished by a gentle and kind character, attention to human troubles, tolerance towards people, and generosity. He knew how to find a common language with people of all classes, from serf to boyar, which was very surprising for the era of that time. And it is not at all by chance that when the residents of Nizhny Novgorod began to look for a military leader for the second people’s militia, they unanimously settled on the candidacy of Prince Pozharsky.

And some of the historians are disingenuous when they say that there were other historical figures at that time who were capable of leading the second people’s militia. But the whole point is that when the second people’s militia was formed, there was simply no other person like him. The famous Russian historian I.E. wrote about this very convincingly. Zabelin in his historical study “Minin and Pozharsky: Straight and Curved in the Time of Troubles”, M., 1883, appealing in his polemics about the character traits of D.M. Pozharsky to the equally famous Russian historian Kostomarov N.I. Unfortunately, the point of view of Kostomarov N.I. was supported at that time by the Brockhaus-Efron Publishing Society, publishing in what they published in 1890-1907. universal encyclopedic dictionary article about D.M. Pozharsky, exposing our great compatriot as some kind of worthless, random person, although she awarded him the epithet: “famous figure of the Time of Troubles.” And some modern publications, for example, “Nizhny Novgorod region in the Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron”, publishing house “Nizhny Novgorod Fair”, Nizhny Novgorod, 2000, compiled and scientific editor V.V. Nyakiy, they are reprinting this article, unwittingly misleading their readers. And similar information is already appearing on the Internet and other media with links to these publications, misleading an even larger circle of users of this information. A.P. did not escape this either. Shikman, compiler of the biographical dictionary-reference book "Figures of National History", M., 1997, presenting D.M. Pozharsky as an ordinary mediocre governor. At the same time, without saying a word about the formation of a second people's militia in Nizhny Novgorod.

True, there was another statesman who could have been an alternative to D.M. Pozharsky is the prince, boyar Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky, nephew of Tsar Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky, an outstanding commander of the Time of Troubles. But he was killed by envious people in April 1610. In the same work, I.E. Zabelin quotes the words of one of the chroniclers, where, after the liberation of Moscow from the Lithuanian-Polish invaders, he glorifies all the heroes of the Time of Troubles, highlighting especially, at the same time, three of them: “There was joy and gladness throughout all of Russia, as the Lord had purified God the Muscovite kingdom from Godless Lithuania, by the beginning of the boyar Mikhail Vas. Shuisky-Skopin, and by the accomplishment and ultimate zeal and diligence of the boyar Prince Dim. Mikhail Pozharsky and the Nizhny Novgorod resident Kuzma Minin and other boyars and governors, stewards and nobles and all sorts of people. then glory to them here. And from God there is reward and eternal memory, and to their souls in this age indescribable lordship, as they suffered for the Orthodox Christian faith and shed their blood as martyrs. And in memory of the present generation forever and ever Amen."

Prince Pozharsky himself was an extremely modest man, and he once said about himself with irony: “If we had such a pillar as Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, everyone would stick to him, but I would not get involved in such a great cause without him; The boyars and the whole earth have now forced me to this work.” But Prince V.V. Golitsyn at that time headed the embassy from the Moscow boyars and was in Poland in Warsaw with King Sigismund III to ask his son, Prince Vladislav, to be king in Rus', which was opposed by the entire patriotic population of Rus' of all classes. That is, in essence, V.V. Golitsyn took the path of betrayal of Orthodoxy by supporting the decision of the “Seven Boyars” (the supreme power in Moscow during the interregnum in 1610-1612) to call a Catholic prince to the Russian throne. It was under these conditions that Prince D.M. Pozharsky turned out to be the only person capable of leading the second people's militia, formed in Nizhny Novgorod, due to his military, business and human qualities.

It should be noted that all those reigning during the life of D.M. Pozharsky, the Russian sovereigns celebrated the prince’s zealous service to his Fatherland, bringing him closer and rewarding him. He was especially honored by the young Russian Tsar M.F. Romanov, instructing D.M. Pozharsky has particularly important matters. So in 1619 he wrote in his letter of grant: “... and he, our boyar, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich, remembering God and the Most Holy Theotokos and the Orthodox Peasant Faith and our kiss of the Cross, is with us the Great Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Feodorovich of All Russia in Moscow he sat under siege, and for the Orthodox Peasant Faith and for the Holy Churches of God and for us the Great Sovereign against Prince Vladislav and the Polish, Lithuanian and German people, he stood strong and courageously, and fought in battles and on the attack, not sparing his head, and was not seduced by any of the King’s charms, and showed much of his service and truth to us and to the entire Moscow State, and being under siege, he endured poverty and need in everything.”

The people of Nizhny Novgorod did not recognize the boyars’ decision to call the son of the Polish king Sigismund III, Prince Vladislav, to the Russian throne. In January 1611, having confirmed themselves by kissing the cross (oath) with their closest neighbors, the Balakhonians (residents of the city of Balakhna), they sent letters of conscription to the cities of Ryazan, Kostroma, Vologda, and others, asking to send warriors to Nizhny Novgorod in order to “stand for ... the faith and for the Moscow State at the same time.” The appeals of Nizhny Novgorod residents were successful. Many Volga cities responded, including Kazan and Yaroslavl.

At the same time as the Nizhny Novgorod residents, a similar militia was gathering in Ryazan under the leadership of the talented military leader Prokopiy Lyapunov. Prince D.M. joined Lyapunov’s detachment with his military men. Pozharsky, who served as a governor in the city of Zaraysk, appointed there by Tsar Shuisky in February 1610.

In February 1611, the Nizhny Novgorod militia of about 1,200 people, under the leadership of the governor Prince Repin, set out for Moscow via the shortest route through Vladimir. Detachments of warriors from Kazan, Sviyazhsk and Cheboksary joined the Nizhny Novgorod residents. Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan residents arrived near Moscow in mid-March. Somewhat earlier, militia detachments from Ryazan and Vladimir approached Moscow. Residents of Moscow, having learned about the people's militia that had arrived near Moscow, began to prepare for the extermination of the Poles they hated. But they decided to forestall the militia’s attack on Moscow and the uprising of Muscovites, and on March 19, during Holy Week, they carried out a massacre in the city. The streets and squares of Moscow were covered with corpses and dying Muscovites. Most of the houses were set on fire. Many churches and monasteries were looted and destroyed. Patriarch Hermogenes was imprisoned in the Chudov Monastery. The militia rushed to the aid of Muscovites. D.M. Pozharsky and his detachment met the enemies on Sretenka, repelled them and drove them to Kitai-Gorod. The next day, Wednesday, the Poles again attacked Pozharsky, who had set up a prison on Lubyanka near the Church of the Entry into the Temple of the Blessed Virgin Mary, where he later became a farmstead. Pozharsky fought with the Poles all day, was seriously wounded, was forced to retreat and took refuge in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, from where he later moved to his family home in Mugreevo, and then to Yurino, where he was treated until he headed the second Nizhny Novgorod militia in October 1611 . Other militia units fought the Poles until the beginning of April, but were eventually defeated and fled to the Moscow outskirts. The leader of the Ryazan militia, Prokopiy Lyapunov, fell at the hands of a hired killer at the end of March 1611. The remnants of the Nizhny Novgorod militia also returned to Nizhny Novgorod.

By the summer of 1611, the political situation in Russia had become critical. The entire southwestern part of Russia was in the power of the Poles. Astrakhan was generally ready to secede from Russia. Near Pskov, gangs of the Pole Lisovsky were committing crimes. It should be noted here that only the Trinity-Sergius Lavra under the leadership of Archimandrite Dionysius and cellarer Abraham Palitsyn, and Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership of governors Repnin and Alyabyev, held on most steadfastly and consistently during this Time of Troubles for Russia. And Patriarch Hermogenes, irreconcilable to enemies, was still alive, imprisoned by the Poles in the dungeon of the Chudov Monastery, where he subsequently died on February 17, 1612. In the summer of 1611, preparations for a new rebuff to the Poles intensified again. From July 1611, Abraham began to send letters to different cities in order to awaken hatred in the hearts of Russian citizens towards foreign invaders. On August 25, 1611, in Nizhny Novgorod, a letter was also received from Patriarch Hermogenes, where the holy elder called on the people of Nizhny Novgorod to stand for the holy cause. Alyabyev sent a copy of the letter to Kazan, the Kazan people sent it to Perm. The words of the saint aroused the spirit of resistance against foreigners among the people, and it is no coincidence that Nizhny Novgorod was the first to speak loudly about this. Zemstvo elder Kozma Minin began to rouse the people to fight against foreign invaders, calling on everyone to give up part of their property to equip warriors. The people heeded his words and donations flowed in like a river. It was necessary to choose a military leader for the future militia, and the residents of Nizhny Novgorod settled on the candidacy of Prince D.M. Pozharsky, who at that time was still healing the wounds he received in March 1611 in battles on the streets of Moscow. Nizhny Novgorod residents sent several delegations to Pozharsky, and only a visit to him by the governor of the Nizhny Novgorod Pechersk Ascension Monastery, Archimandrite Theodosius, convinced Dmitry Pozharsky to lead the Nizhny Novgorod militia. Pozharsky arrived in Nizhny Novgorod on October 28, 1612. At a meeting with the leaders of the militia, he proposed going to Moscow not by the shortest route through Murom and Vladimir, but through Kostroma and Yaroslavl, collecting human reinforcements and provisions along the way. The militia set out from Nizhny at the end of February - beginning of March 1612. Its path ran along the right bank of the Volga through Balakhna, Timonkino, Sitskoye, Katunki, Puchezh, Yuryevets, Reshma, Kineshma, Plyos, Kostroma and Yaroslavl, where the militia arrived at the end of March 1612 In Yaroslavl, the militia was forced to stay until the end of July 1612, since Pozharsky received news that Prince Trubetskoy and Ataman Zarutsky had sworn allegiance to the new impostor, the fugitive deacon Isidore. In Yaroslavl, Prince Pozharsky almost died at the hands of hired killers sent by Ataman Zarutsky.

17th century cannons from the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery. In the summer of 1612, D. Pozharsky sent 12 arquebuses from Yaroslavl to Suzdal to strengthen the city.

Russian weapons of the XVI-XVII centuries.

Minin and Pozharsky in Moscow. Scotty Michael (1814-1861)

On July 28, 1612, the militia set out from Yaroslavl to Moscow and on August 14, 1612 it was already at the walls of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, and on August 20 it approached Moscow. On August 24, a fierce battle took place between the militia and the Poles and the troops of the Lithuanian hetman Chodkiewicz, who came on the orders of the Polish king Sigismund III to help the Polish conquerors. The Poles and Khodkiewicz's troops were completely defeated. The struggle of the militias with the Poles settled in Moscow continued for two months. Finally, on October 22 (November 4, new style), the Poles were expelled from Kitay-Gorod, and on October 25, the Poles finally surrendered, surrendering the Kremlin and releasing all the Russian dignitaries they had captured from the Kremlin. Among them was the future Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov and his mother, nun Marfa Ivanovna. The father of the future tsar, Metropolitan Philaret of Rostov and Yaroslavl, was in captivity in Warsaw at that time and was released from Polish captivity only in 1619. On October 27, 1612, a thanksgiving prayer service was served on Red Square near Lobnoye Mesto by the Archimandrite of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra Dionysius and the Russian militia led by Prince Pozharsky and Kozma Minin entered the Kremlin with crosses and banners. Thus ended the eight-year period of the Time of Troubles (1605 - 1612).

"DIMITRY POZHARSKY WITH VICTORY." 2016 Blagoveshchensky Vladimir Kuzmich

Oath of Prince Pozharsky

Grateful Russians never forgot this significant date - October 22 (November 4, new style) 1612 and very widely celebrated the day of the liberation of Moscow and Russia from Lithuanian-Polish rule. This date became especially important in the year of its 200th anniversary - in 1812, when Russian troops defeated the French and expelled Napoleon from Moscow and Russia. Even before the war with the French, a fundraiser was announced in Russia for the construction of a monument in honor of the accomplished national feat in 1612, and on February 20, 1818, a monument to the heroes of the Time of Troubles - Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky - was solemnly unveiled in Moscow on Red Square.

Monument to Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky in Moscow on Red Square

Monument to Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky on National Unity Square in Nizhny Novgorod

“Spiritual letter of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky”

And to lay my vile body at the All-Merciful Savior in Suzdal, in the heads of my light at Prince Fyodor Dmitrievich... And for the funeral service and for the tables, fifty rubles. To the Intercession Monastery I contribute twenty rubles, to the archbishop thirty rubles, to the Cathedral five rubles, to the blessed Euphrosyne three rubles, to the Trinity two rubles, to Oleksandrovskaya two rubles, to Korovnik to Kozma-Domyan a ruble. To the All-Merciful Savior, a contribution: the sovereign’s golden fur coat, decorated with sables, and my dark blue fur coat with samples, and three cups on the stand, and my good new glass, and horses: a bay stallion that was bought from Matvey Sverchkov, and a red horse from Belogorodtsk, and the Boer pacer that was bought in Pereslavl, and a hundred rubles of money, and twenty mares, ten from the Purets, ten from the Luchinskis...
And when God sends my soul away, give the funeral service to the patriarch and the metropolitan, and bury the archbishop in Suzdal, and give one hundred rubles for the funeral service and take-out money, and throughout the whole of Lent, give three hundred rubles for me to the beggars every day.
For my children, give for every year fifty rubles of money, fifty quarters of flour, thirty quarters of oats, twenty quarters of malt, five quarters of wholemeal flour, five quarters of sleeve flour, one quarter of water-pounded white flour, four quarters of sinner's groats, seven furs of salt, ten sturgeons and koluzhkas...
Yes, my son Prince Ivan has a saber with a stone, and a saber framed with a white handle, and this is a saber, and mine is a riding one. Yes, for my son-in-law Prince Ivan Pronsky and my son Prince Ivan - a silver mace and a silver coin, and a beam, and whatever service junk is there, and a bakhterets, then all of them and their brother will share in half.
And that tent over the exit is the dead princess’s junk, and she gave up all that junk after her belly to her son, Prince Ivan, and no one cares about that junk, and all that junk is in a Novgorod box and under my seal. Yes, those silver courts that Martha’s mother has are for him, Prince Ivan, and that Turkish velvet was bought this winter, and that velvet was bought with Prince Ivan’s son’s money, and no one cares about that velvet. Yes, for him, Prince Ivan, gold... mine on the wormy ground and a fur coat of ore and gold on the foxes' wombs, and divide the rest in half. And whatever is not good for them, I will distribute to them according to my soul. 1642

Pozharsky died (April 20) May 3, 1642.
His ashes rest in the family tomb in Suzdal.

Monument to Dmitry Pozharsky in Zaraysk

Monument to Dmitry Pozharsky in the city of Purekh, Nizhny Novgorod region

Monument to Dmitry Pozharsky in the village of Borisoglebsky, Yaroslavl region

Monument to Dmitry Pozharsky in front of the entrance to the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery in Suzdal

Mausoleum of Dmitry Pozharsky

The national hero of Russia was buried in 1642 in the family tomb in the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery in Suzdal.
In 1839, it was found in the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery.
In 1852, a tomb was found in the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery in which the ashes of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky rested (before that the burial place was lost). Bishop Justin celebrated the funeral liturgy and requiem service there for Prince. Dmitry and his relatives, buried in the same family crypt at the altar of the Transfiguration Church.

Monument-chapel

Work on the construction of the mausoleum began by decision of Emperor Alexander II in 1858 using voluntary donations collected throughout the country.
took place on June 2, 1885. The monument-chapel was built according to the design of the architect A.M. Gornostaeva.

Bas-relief “Battle on Sretenka” from the bronze door of the mausoleum, 1885. Sculptor M.I. Mikeshin.

In 1933, the monument was destroyed - a prison for political prisoners was established in the monastery.

The only surviving fragment of the eastern facade of the mausoleum of D.M. Pozharsky, destroyed in 1933. Discovered during excavation work in 1969.

In 1967, the monastery was transferred to the Vladimir-Suzdal Museum-Reserve, and large-scale restoration and museum work began here.
The exhibition “D.M.” opened in the Annunciation Gate Church. Pozharsky is a national hero of the Russian people,” and in 1974 a monument appeared over the commander’s burial (sculptor N.A. Shcherbakov, architect I.A. Gunst).

Monument over Pozharsky’s burial

In 2007, during a meeting with the general director of the museum-reserve A.I. Aksenova with the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of Russia in the Central Federal District G.S. Poltavchenko came up with the idea to restore the destroyed mausoleum. This initiative was supported by the First Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Government D.A. Medvedev during his visit to Suzdal. A Board of Trustees was formed to restore the monument. The collection of public donations for this good cause was headed by the “Russian Athos Society”. The customer of the work was the Vladimir-Suzdal Museum-Reserve. Construction and design work was carried out by Creative Workshops Kitezh LLC. The artistic casting of the monument's doors was carried out by the Russian Academy of Arts.

Cast doors of the mausoleum

In order to accurately recreate the monument, it was necessary to study the surviving documents. They were discovered in the archives of the RGADA (Russian State Archive of Documentary Acts), the archives of the Academy of Arts, the Shchusev Museum of Architecture, the RGIA (Russian State Historical Archive), in the manuscript department of the State Historical Museum, etc. 1800 sheets were found: architectural, design and measurement drawings, contracts and estimates. Photographs of the tomb have been preserved, as well as extensive documentation of how it was built.
Two years later, the Dmitry Pozharsky memorial was restored. A cross and a memorial plaque appeared at the commander’s burial site.

“The place of the ancestral tomb of the princes Pozharsky and Khovansky, where in April 1642 the national hero of Russia D.M. was buried. Pozharsky"

Near the burial place there is a monument-chapel. Russian President D.A. arrived at the opening of the monument. Medvedev. The rite of consecration of the chapel was performed by Archbishop of Vladimir and Suzdal Evlogiy. The President laid flowers at the memorial cross at the grave of D.M. Pozharsky. General Director of the Museum-Reserve A.I. Aksenov introduced D.A. Medvedev with an exhibition dedicated to the history of the monument. It opened in the Transfiguration Cathedral.
A gift awaited the guests of the ceremony. The Governor's Symphony Orchestra conducted by A. Markin performed the oratorio by S.A. Degtyarev "Minin and Pozharsky, or the liberation of Moscow." A rare edition of this work was transferred to the Vladimir-Suzdal Museum-Reserve by colleagues from the State Central Museum of Musical Culture named after. M.I. Glinka (Moscow). Those who were involved in recreating the “white marble miracle” came to the celebrations in Suzdal - G.S. Poltavchenko, Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District, Chairman of the Board of Trustees for the reconstruction of the monument-chapel; A.A. Avdeev, Minister of Culture of Russia; Z.K. Tsereteli, President of the Russian Academy of Arts; A.S. Goryachev (project manager, Kitezh LLC).

Monument-chapel

Our Lady of Kazan. XVII – XIX centuries

Mosaic icon "Savior on the Throne" from the mausoleum of Dmitry Pozharsky

The icon was made by M.P. Khmelevsky, master of the “Imperial Mosaic Department”, based on a drawing by Academician Heidemann. For her, the sculptor L.O. Botta made of Italian marble was made of a carved icon case, which was located on the pediment of the Pozharsky mausoleum, erected according to the design of Academy of Arts professor A.M. Gornostaeva.

Mosaic icon "Savior on the Throne" in the Transfiguration Cathedral

In 1933, the white marble mausoleum was dismantled. In addition to the icon of the Savior on the Throne, two fragments from the gates of the mausoleum have been preserved - bronze bas-reliefs with the figures of Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky.

Prince Vasily Andreevich Pozharsky
Parents:
- Andrey Fedorovich Starodubsky.
Children: Daniil Vasilyevich Pozharsky.
From him came the Pozhar Princes.

Prince Daniil Vasilievich Pozharsky
Parents:
- Vasily Andreevich Pozharsky.
Children: Anna Danilovna Pozharskaya, Fyodor Danilovich Pozharsky.
He died in the 15th century under Vasily the Dark.

Prince Fyodor Danilovich Pozharsky
Parents:
- Daniil Vasilievich Pozharsky.
Children: Vasily Fedorovich Pozharsky, Semyon Fedorovich Pozharsky (d. before 1527), Fyodor Fedorovich Pozharsky, Ivan Fedorovich.
Exiled to Kazan under Ivan the Terrible.

Prince Ivan (Tretyak) Fedorovich Pozharsky
Parents:
- Fyodor Danilovich Pozharsky.
Children: Vasily Ivanovich Pozharsky, Fyodor Ivanovich Pozharsky (d. 1581).
Married to Feodosia.

Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Pozharsky
Parents:
- Ivan Fedorovich Pozharsky;
- Feodosia.
Child: Mikhail Fedorovich Glukhoy Pozharsky.
Married Mavra (d. 1615).
Prince Fedor died in 1581.

Prince Mikhail Fedorovich Glukhoy Pozharsky
Parents:
- Fyodor Ivanovich Pozharsky (d. 1581);
- Maura (d. 1615).
1571 marriage with Maria (Euphrosinya) Fedorovna Beklemisheva (d. 1607).
1573 birth of Daria Mikhailovna Pozharskaya (Khovanskaya).
October 30, 1577 birth of Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky.
Prince Michael died on August 23, 1587.

False Dmitry I. June 1 (11), 1605 - May 17 (27), 1606 - Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus', Autocrat.
May 19, 1606 - July 19, 1610 - Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus'.

1610 - 1612

Vladislav Zhigimontovich.
Dmitry Pozharsky.
February 21 (March 3), 1613 - July 13, 1645 - Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus'.

POZHARSKY, DMITRY MIKHAILOVICH(1578–1642) - prince, Russian political and military leader, boyar.

Born November 1, 1578, Mugreevo village, Suzdal district. Son of Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky from the family of princes Starodubsky (descended from Vsevolod the Big Nest). He began his service in 1593 at the court of Fyodor Ivanovich, became a solicitor under Boris Godunov, and under False Dmitry I (swearing allegiance to him) - steward. In 1610 appointed by Vasily Shuisky governor to Zaraysk and received 20 villages. After the deposition of Shuisky, he swore allegiance to the Polish prince Vladislav, but when the Polish king Sigismund III began to lay claim to the Russian throne, he joined the First Militia, led by P. Lyapunov. In March 1611 he was wounded in the battle on Sretenka and taken to the Puretsk volost in the Nizhny Novgorod region, which belonged to the Pozharskys.

Here, on the instructions of Kuzma Minin, ambassadors came to him with an offer to become the governor of the Second Militia, assembled in Nizhny Novgorod. Pozharsky agreed, but in the militia and in the government “Council of the Whole Earth” formed in Yaroslavl (February 1612) he actually found himself in a supporting role next to Minin.

In the summer of 1612, reinforcements under the command of Hetman Khodkevich (12 thousand people) moved to help the Polish garrison settled in the Kremlin; in response, Pozharsky led the militia to the capital, standing at the Arbat Gate. On August 22, the Poles began crossing the Moscow River to the Novodevichy Convent, accumulating near it, but Pozharsky’s cavalry, with the support of the Cossacks of Prince D.T. Trubetskoy, pushed Khodkevich to Poklonnaya Hill. On August 22–24, Pozharsky forced the Poles to go on the defensive. He recaptured the provisions brought for the Polish garrison by Chodkiewicz, after which the fate of the Poles was decided; hunger forced them to surrender on October 26, 1612.

With the capture of Moscow, the history of the Second Militia ended. Subsequently, Pozharsky did not play a prominent role in the election of Tsar Mikhail Romanov; the new tsar elevated him from stolnik to boyar (1613), but Pozharsky did not receive large estates. During the Russian-Polish War of 1614 he took part in the battle of Orel against the Polish adventurer Lisovsky. Then he was in charge of “government money” in Moscow, defended Kaluga from Lithuanian raiders, participated in military operations against Prince Vladislav, served as a governor in Novgorod and Pereyaslavl-Ryazan, and was in charge of the Judgment Order. Before his death in 1642, he adopted the schema and spiritual name of Kuzma in memory of his comrade in the militia. He was buried in the family tomb of the Spaso-Evfimievsky Monastery in Suzdal.

Monuments to D.M. Pozharsky and K. Minin were erected on Red Square (sculptor I.P. Martos, 1818), in Nizhny Novgorod (sculptor A.I. Melnikov, 1826). In 1885, a monument was erected at his grave in Suzdal using public funds. The image of Pozharsky is captured in the paintings of V.E. Savinsky The sick Prince Pozharsky receives ambassadors(1882), M. Scotty Minin and Pozharsky, in film Minin and Pozharsky directors V. Pudovkin and M. Doller

Russian national hero, military and political figure, head of the Second People's Militia, which liberated Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian occupiers

Dmitry Pozharsky

short biography

Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky(November 1, 1578 - April 20 (30), 1642) - Russian national hero, military and political figure, head of the Second People's Militia, which liberated Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian occupiers.

Pozharsky family

Dmitry Pozharsky is a descendant of Vasily Andreevich, the first of the Pozharsky princes, who came from the Starodub princes of the Suzdal land. The Starodub princes, in turn, are descendants of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Vsevolod Yuryevich, the son of Yuri Dolgoruky, the founder of Moscow. According to a widespread legend, the center of his small possessions - the village of Radogost - was devastated by a fire, and after restoration it began to be called Pogar, which is where the name of the estate came from.

Before Dmitry Mikhailovich, there were no outstanding military and political figures in the Pozharsky family. Only his grandfather, Fyodor Ivanovich Pozharsky, participated as a regimental commander in the conquest of Kazan by Tsar Ivan the Terrible. As a result of the establishment of the oprichnina by Ivan the Terrible, local lands were taken away from many princely families in the central part of Rus'. Many families fell into disgrace and were exiled. A similar fate befell the family of Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Pozharsky, which in the 1560s was exiled to the “nizovsky lands” (nizovsky lands at that time were considered the lands of the Nizhny Novgorod district and the neighboring infidels - the Mordovians, Cheremis, and subsequently the Tatars), where The Pozharskys had an old family estate in the Zharsky volost in the village of Yurino.

Childhood

It is traditionally believed that Dmitry Mikhailovich was born on November 1, 1578. Dmitry's father was Prince Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky, who in 1571 married Maria (Euphrosinia) Fedorovna Beklemisheva, who came from an old noble noble family. At birth and baptism, Pozharsky received the “direct name” Kozma in honor of Kosma the unmercenary, whose commemoration falls on October 17 (old style). At the same time, he received the “worldly” name Demetrius in honor of Demetrius of Thessalonica, whose commemoration falls on October 26 (old style). Maria Feodorovna's dowry included the village of Bersenevo in Klinsky district, where Dmitry was most likely born, since the Suzdal lands of the Pozharsky princes, including the village of Mugreevo (Volosynino), were confiscated by Tsar Ivan the Terrible in favor of the guardsmen. The Pozharskys had a house in Moscow, on Sretenka, the basement of which has survived to this day and is part of the house of Count F.V. Rostopchin, who owned the house at the beginning of the 19th century (today Bolshaya Lubyanka, 14). No one lived in the Moscow Pozharsky house at that time, since Fyodor Ivanovich Pozharsky had no children, except for his son Mikhail. Fyodor Ivanovich died in 1581, and his wife Maria died in 1615. Both were buried in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Dmitry's father, Mikhail Fedorovich, died on August 23, 1587 and was buried in the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery in Suzdal. His mother Maria (Euphrosinia) Beklemisheva died on April 7, 1632 and was also buried in the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery. From historical literature it is known that Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky had four children. The eldest was daughter Daria and sons Dmitry, Yuri and Vasily. When her father died, Daria was fifteen years old, Dmitry was less than ten years old, Vasily was three. Yuri died during his father's lifetime. Subsequently, Daria married Prince Nikita Andreevich Khovansky.

Service under Tsar Boris Godunov

After the death of Ivan IV Vasilyevich, the Pozharsky family moved to Moscow, where his mother Maria Feodorovna began raising children. In 1593, at the age of 15, Pozharsky entered the palace service, as was customary among princely and noble children of that time. At the beginning of the reign of Boris Godunov (1598), Pozharsky had a court rank - “solicitor with a dress.” At the same time, Pozharsky and his mother repeatedly (until 1602) fell into disgrace with Tsar Boris. But in 1602, their disgrace was lifted. Pozharsky himself was granted the title of steward by the tsar, and his mother became a noblewoman under the tsar’s daughter, Ksenia Borisovna. At the end of the reign of Boris Godunov, Pozharsky’s mother was already the supreme noblewoman under Tsarina Maria Grigorievna, replacing the mother of boyar Boris Mikhailovich Lykov, Maria Lykova, in this post. At the end of 1602, Dmitry Pozharsky had a parochial dispute with Boris Lykov over the supremacy of their mothers at court. This dispute was not resolved. But in the end, Dmitry Pozharsky’s mother nevertheless became the supreme noblewoman of the Moscow court. Therefore, the opinion of the 19th century historian N.I. Kostomarov about the “seedyness” of the princely family of Pozharsky is incorrect - at least, the branch to which Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky belonged, including on the maternal side.

Pozharsky's mother provided great assistance throughout her life. She herself was a highly educated woman and gave all her children an excellent education, at that time, which was a rare occurrence at that time. So, after the death of his father, Pozharsky, who was less than ten years old, gave the village of Three Dvorishcha to the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery in memory of his father, drawing up a deed of gift himself and signing it. Under the influence of his mother, such remarkable traits as a high sense of faith, honor and duty were instilled in Pozharsky and remained until the end of his life. According to reviews of contemporaries and according to historical documents, the character traits inherent in Prince Pozharsky were: the absence of any swagger, arrogance and arrogance; lack of greed and arrogance. He was distinguished by justice and generosity, generosity in donations to specific people and society as a whole; modesty and honesty in attitudes towards people and actions; devotion to Russian sovereigns and their Fatherland; courage and self-sacrifice; piety, exceptional piety, but without fanaticism; love for your neighbors. In necessary cases, he was strong in spirit, decisive and unshakable, irreconcilable with the enemies of the Fatherland and traitors to the Motherland, and was distinguished by a high sense of self-esteem. At the same time, he was a very gentle and attentive person, which attracted people of different ages and social status to him, from serf to boyar, which was very surprising for the era of that time. Therefore, it is no coincidence that when the residents of Nizhny Novgorod began to look for a military leader for the second people’s militia, they unanimously settled on the candidacy of Prince Pozharsky.

After the death of Tsar B.F. Godunov in April 1605, False Dmitry I, a protege of the Polish king Sigismund III, to whom both Moscow and the boyar duma swore allegiance, came to power. Pozharsky continues to be at court.

Service under Tsar Vasily Shuisky

In May 1606, the impostor was killed, Prince Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky became king, to whom Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky also swore allegiance. In the spring of the following year, False Dmitry II appeared, and with him, hordes of Lithuanians and Poles invaded the Russian lands, who, supporting False Dmitry II, engaged in robbery, ruined Russian cities, villages, churches and monasteries. Tsar Shuisky mobilized all the means at his disposal to fight against the new impostor and uninvited guests. Among other close associates, in 1608 he sent Prince Pozharsky to fight against the invaders as a regimental commander.

Pozharsky participated in the suppression of the Peasant Uprising led by I. I. Bolotnikov.

For his zealous service in defending the Fatherland from the Poles, Pozharsky received from Tsar Vasily Ivanovich in 1609 the village of Nizhny Landek with twenty villages, repairs and wastelands from his old estate (father and grandfather) in the Suzdal district. The letter of grant stated that he “showed a lot of service and generosity, he endured hunger and poverty in everything and every need of siege for a long time, and he did not encroach on thieves’ charms and troubles, he stood in the firmness of his mind firmly and unshakably without any unsteadiness."

At the end of 1609, the Ryazan governor Prokopiy Lyapunov persuaded Pozharsky to proclaim the boyar Skopin-Shuisky king, but the prince was faithful to his oath to Shuisky and did not succumb to persuasion.

In February 1609, the tsar appointed Pozharsky governor of the city of Zaraysk, Ryazan district.

After the death of Skopin-Shuisky in April 1610, P. Lyapunov turned to Pozharsky with a proposal to take revenge on Tsar Shuisky for the death of the prince, but Pozharsky again remained faithful to the oath. In July, Shuisky was removed, and power passed to the boyar duma.

Later, in January 1611, the residents of Zaraysk, following the example of the residents of Kolomna and Kashira, tried to persuade Pozharsky to swear allegiance to the impostor, but the governor decisively refused their proposal, saying that he knew only one king - Vasily Ivanovich - and would not change his oath. Pozharsky’s conviction had a great influence on the minds of the townspeople and they remained loyal to Tsar Vasily. Having learned about this, “Kolomna again turned to Tsar Vasily Ivanovich.”

Interregnum

By the beginning of 1609, a significant number of Russian cities recognized “Tsar Dimitri Ivanovich.” Only the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, the cities of Kolomna, Smolensk, Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky, Nizhny Novgorod and a number of Siberian cities remained faithful to Shuisky. Among them was Zaraysk, where Prince Pozharsky ruled. The Tsar turned to the Swedes for help, and Charles IX sent an army to Russia led by Jacob Delagardie. The Russian-Swedish army of M.V. Skopin-Shuisky defeated the Tushins near Dmitrov and approached Moscow. At the same time, the Polish king Sigismund III invaded Russia and besieged Smolensk, demanding that the Tushino Poles leave the Pretender and go over to his side. At the beginning of 1610, False Dmitry II was forced to flee from Tushin to Kaluga. Skopin-Shuisky entered Moscow, where he unexpectedly died; The Russian-Swedish army under the command of the Tsar’s brother Dmitry Shuisky came to the aid of Smolensk. However, on June 24, 1610, it was completely defeated by Hetman Zolkiewski in the Battle of Klushin. Shuisky was overthrown, the Seven Boyars stood at the head of Moscow, Zholkevsky approached Moscow and stood at Khoroshev, the Pretender, for his part, stood at Kolomenskoye. In such a situation, the Seven Boyars, out of fear of the Pretender, kissed the cross of Sigismund’s son, Prince Vladislav, on the terms of his conversion to the Orthodox faith, and then (on the night of September 21) secretly let the Polish garrison into the Kremlin.

First People's Militia

Banner of Prince Pozharsky. After his liberation of Moscow from the Poles and Lithuania, the dilapidated silk banner was kept in the village of Purekh, Nizhny Novgorod province, which belonged to the Prince, and in 1827 it entered the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin. It depicts on one side the Lord Almighty, on the other the Archangel Michael and Joshua kneeling in front of him and taking off his boots.

Prince Pozharsky, at that time the Zaraysk voivode, did not recognize the decision of the Moscow boyars to call the son of Sigismund III, Prince Vladislav, to the Russian throne. The residents of Nizhny Novgorod also did not recognize the decision of the Seven Boyars. In January 1611, having confirmed themselves with a kiss of the cross (oath) with the Balakhonians (residents of the city of Balakhna), they sent letters of conscription to the cities of Ryazan, Kostroma, Vologda, Galich and others, asking to send warriors to Nizhny Novgorod in order to “stand for... the faith and for The Moscow state is one." The appeals of Nizhny Novgorod residents were successful. Many Volga and Siberian cities responded.

At the same time as the Nizhny Novgorod residents, a militia was gathering in Ryazan under the leadership of the Ryazan governor Prokopiy Lyapunov. The Zaraysk governor, Prince D. M. Pozharsky, joined Lyapunov’s detachment with his military men. The first Nizhny Novgorod militia, under the leadership of the Nizhny Novgorod governor, Prince Repnin, marched on Moscow in February 1611, numbering about 1,200 people. Detachments of warriors from Kazan, Sviyazhsk and Cheboksary joined the Nizhny Novgorod residents. The Nizhny Novgorod militia arrived near Moscow in mid-March. Somewhat earlier, militia detachments from Ryazan and Vladimir approached Moscow. Residents of Moscow, having learned about the arrival of the militia, began to prepare for the extermination of the Poles they hated. On March 19, a general uprising began. The streets were barricaded with sleighs loaded with firewood, and shots were fired at the Poles from roofs, from houses, and from behind fences. The Poles carried out massacres in the streets, but in the end found themselves besieged on all sides. The solution was found by setting the city on fire. Moscow was burned almost to the ground. The militia rushed to the aid of Muscovites. D. M. Pozharsky met the enemies on Sretenka, repelled them and drove them to Kitai-Gorod. The next day, Wednesday, the Poles again attacked Pozharsky, who had set up a stronghold near his compound on Lubyanka (the area of the current Vorovsky monument). Pozharsky fought with the Poles all day, was seriously wounded and taken from Moscow by his comrades to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Later he moved to his family estate in Mugreevo, and then to the family estate of Yurino, Nizhny Novgorod district. There Pozharsky continued his treatment until he headed the second people's militia in October 1611, the organization of which began in Nizhny Novgorod on the initiative of the zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin.

The first militia was initially victorious, capturing the White City. However, the enmity between the nobles led by Prokopiy Lyapunov and the Cossacks (former Tushins) led by Ivan Zarutsky played a fatal role in his fate. After the murder of Lyapunov by the Cossacks, the nobles began to scatter, and the militia actually lost its combat effectiveness and disintegrated, although its remnants under the leadership of Zarutsky and Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy still stood near Moscow.

Second People's Militia

M. I. Scotti. "Minin and Pozharsky" (1850). The red banner with the icon carried by the prince is historically accurate.

It should be noted here that only the Trinity-Sergius Monastery under the leadership of Archimandrite Dionysius and Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership of the governors Prince Repnin and Alyabyev held on most steadfastly and consistently in this troubled time for Russia. And Patriarch Hermogenes, irreconcilable with his enemies, was still alive, imprisoned by the Poles in the dungeon of the Chudov Monastery, where he subsequently died on February 17, 1612 from hunger and disease.

From July 1611, Archimandrite Dionysius began sending letters to different cities of Russia in order to awaken hatred in the hearts of citizens towards foreign invaders. On August 25, 1611, in Nizhny Novgorod, a letter was also received from Patriarch Hermogenes, where the holy elder called on the people of Nizhny Novgorod to stand for the holy cause, for the Orthodox faith. Voivode Alyabyev sent a copy of the letter to Kazan, and the Kazan people sent it to Perm. And it is no coincidence that Nizhny Novgorod was the first to speak loudly about resistance to foreigners.

Zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin called on every Nizhny Novgorod citizen to give up part of his property to equip warriors, and the people, representing all classes, warmly responded to his call. When choosing a military leader for the militia, the people of Nizhny Novgorod chose the candidacy of Prince D. M. Pozharsky and sent a delegation to him in the village of Yurino, headed by the abbot of the Ascension Pechersky Monastery, Archimandrite Theodosius. Pozharsky arrived in Nizhny Novgorod on October 28, 1611.

The second people's militia set out from Nizhny Novgorod at the end of February - beginning of March 1612. His path ran along the right bank of the Volga through Balakhna, Timonkino, Sitskoye, Katunki, Puchezh, Yuryevets, Reshma, Kineshma, Plyos, Kostroma, Yaroslavl and Rostov the Great. At the request of the residents of Suzdal, Pozharsky sent his relative, the steward of Prince Roman Petrovich Pozharsky, to the city, who, having defeated the Poles, liberated the city. The militia arrived in Yaroslavl at the end of March - beginning of April 1612 and was forced to stay until the end of July in order to gather more troops and better prepare the militia for the Moscow battle. Before coming to Yaroslavl, Pozharsky received news of the betrayal of the leaders of the Cossack detachment stationed near Moscow, Prince D. T. Trubetskoy and Ataman Zarutsky, who swore allegiance to another Pretender, the fugitive deacon Isidore (in June 1612, Prince Trubetskoy sent Pozharsky a letter in which he refused oath to the new Pretender). In Yaroslavl, Prince Pozharsky almost died at the hands of hired killers sent by Ataman Zarutsky.

On July 28, 1612, the second people's militia set out from Yaroslavl to Moscow and on August 14, 1612 it was already at the walls of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, and on August 20 it approached Moscow. On August 21-24, a fierce battle took place between the militia and the Poles and the troops of the Lithuanian hetman Chodkiewicz, who came to the aid of the Poles on the orders of the Polish king Sigismund III. By the evening of August 24, the Poles and Chodkiewicz’s troops were completely defeated, and Chodkiewicz himself with the remnants of his army on the morning of August 25, 1612, left for Poland. But for another two months the struggle between the militia and the Poles who had settled in Moscow continued. Finally, on October 22 (November 1, new style), the Poles were expelled from Kitay-Gorod.

Service under Tsar Mikhail Romanov

After numerous discussions at the Zemsky Sobor of 1612-1613, the second person at which, after Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky, was Prince Pozharsky (he directed and led the debate), on February 21, 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected Russian sovereign. The day before, on February 20, 1613, Pozharsky proposed to the Council to elect a tsar from among the applicants of royal origin, that is, from the relatives of the last Rurikovich - Fyodor Ivanovich, the son of Ivan the Terrible. Mikhail Fedorovich was a cousin of Tsar Fedor Ivanovich and was of boyar origin.

At this Council, Pozharsky “for his service and cleansing of Moscow” received the rank of boyar and estates with estates in the amount of 2,500 people. On the letter of the Zemsky Sobor on the election of M. F. Romanov to the Russian throne, his signature, as a boyar, is tenth on the list. “Localism” at that time still occupied a strong position in the Russian state, despite the enormous services to the Fatherland of D. M. Pozharsky. At his crowning on July 11, 1613, Mikhail Romanov again granted Pozharsky the rank of boyar, confirmed Pozharsky's land dachas by the Zemsky Sobor and awarded him new lands in the Puretsk volost of the Nizhny Novgorod district in the amount of 3,500 children. During the anointing of the sovereign, the royal crown was held on a golden platter by his uncle Tsar Ivan Nikitich Romanov, the scepter - Prince D. T. Trubetskoy, and the orb - Prince Pozharsky. Taking into account that Prince Pozharsky in his “fatherland” was lower than many boyars, it is especially significant that he took such a prominent position at the crowning of Mikhail Fedorovich. This must be seen as an expression of gratitude of the young tsar and his contemporaries to Prince Pozharsky for the fact that during the general “vacillation” he stood firmly and unshakably for the truth and, having overcome the turmoil, led “all the kingdoms of the Russian state” to unity in the struggle for its independence and in choosing a new Russian Tsar.

The saber of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky for the liberation of the capital - a gift from grateful Muscovites in 1612.

After the election of Mikhail Fedorovich to the Russian throne, D. M. Pozharsky plays a leading role at the royal court as a talented military leader and statesman. Despite the victory of the people's militia and the election of the Tsar, the war in Russia still continued. In 1615-1616. Pozharsky, on the instructions of the tsar, was sent at the head of a large army to fight the detachments of the Polish colonel Lisovsky, who besieged the city of Bryansk and took Karachev. After the fight with Lisovsky, the tsar instructs Pozharsky in the spring of 1616 to collect the fifth money from merchants into the treasury, since the wars did not stop and the treasury was depleted. In 1617, the tsar instructed Pozharsky to conduct diplomatic negotiations with the English ambassador John Merik, appointing Pozharsky as governor of Kolomensky. In the same year, the Polish prince Vladislav came to the Moscow state. Residents of Kaluga and its neighboring cities turned to the tsar with a request to send them D. M. Pozharsky to protect them from the Poles. The Tsar fulfilled the request of the Kaluga residents and gave an order to Pozharsky on October 18, 1617 to protect Kaluga and surrounding cities by all available measures. Prince Pozharsky fulfilled the tsar's order with honor. Having successfully defended Kaluga, Pozharsky received an order from the tsar to go to the aid of Mozhaisk, namely to the city of Borovsk, and began to harass the troops of Prince Vladislav with flying detachments, causing them significant damage. However, at the same time, Pozharsky became very ill and, at the behest of the tsar, returned to Moscow.

Pozharsky, having barely recovered from his illness, took an active part in defending the capital from Vladislav’s troops, for which Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich awarded him new fiefs and estates. By the end of his life, Pozharsky had nearly ten thousand acres of land with many villages, hamlets and wastelands and was considered one of the richest nobles of the Moscow state.

In 1619, the tsar entrusted Pozharsky with the leadership of the Yamsky order. In 1620, Pozharsky was the Novgorod voivode and held this position until 1624. From 1624 to 1628 Pozharsky was the head of the Robust Order. In 1624, during his pilgrimage trip to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, the tsar left Moscow in the care of F.I. Sheremetyev, whose assistant was Pozharsky. At both the tsar’s weddings in 1624 and 1626, Pozharsky was one of the tsar’s friends, and Pozharsky’s wife, Praskovya Varfolomeevna, was the tsar’s matchmaker. When Pozharsky was in Moscow for his service, along with other eminent boyars he was invited to the festive royal and patriarchal tables and, as I. E. Zabelin noted, “he was no less present in these invitations to the big boyars.” In August 1628, Pozharsky was again appointed governor of Novgorod the Great with the title of governor of Suzdal, but already in September 1630, by decree of the tsar, he was summoned to Moscow and appointed head of the Local Prikaz.

In 1632, the truce with Poland ended. Russian troops besieged Smolensk. The Russian troops near Smolensk were commanded by Mikhail Shein and Artemy Izmailov. The Tsar sent Pozharsky and Prince Cherkassky to help Shein, but through no fault of theirs the military training was delayed, and Shein was surrounded and forced to accept the terms of surrender in February 1634. At the beginning of 1635, the Peace of Polyanovsky was concluded with Poland. Pozharsky also took part in negotiations with the Poles.

In 1636-1637, Prince Pozharsky was the head of the Moscow Court Order. In 1637 he turned 60 years old, a very advanced age at that time. But the tsar did not let Pozharsky leave him. He needed him as a person he could rely on in any important matter. And in case of war with the Crimean Tatars, the tsar in April 1638 appointed Pozharsky as regimental commander in Pereyaslavl Ryazan. But this war did not take place. When Mikhail Romanov’s son, Ivan, and then another, Vasily, died in 1639, Pozharsky “spent day and night” (that is, he was assigned to honorary duty) at the coffins of the princes. In the spring of 1640, D. M. Pozharsky, together with I. P. Sheremetyev, twice participated in negotiations with the Polish ambassadors, and was written by the governor of Kolomensky. These negotiations are the last services of Prince Pozharsky, recorded in the Rank Book (- story). Archived April 21, 2007.

Pozharsky's grave

In the 19th-20th centuries, there was an opinion among historians that before his death, Prince Pozharsky adopted the schema under the name Cosmas, as was customary among the princely class of that time. However, the research of Academician M.P. Pogodin in the middle of the 19th century, plus the acquisition of the prince’s Spiritual Charter at the beginning of the 21st century, gives reason to conclude that he did not accept the schema before his death.

According to the testimony of the famous archivist of the 19th century A.F. Malinovsky, senator, Manager of the Archives of the College of Foreign Affairs, Dmitry Pozharsky died on April 30 (April 20, old style) 1642 at the 65th year of his life. In the monastery of St. Nicholas of Zaraisky, a note was found about the day of Pozharsky’s death in the following words: “ZRN, April K, the boyar Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky passed away, on Wednesday, the second week after Pascha.” In his work “Review of Moscow,” which Malinovsky completed in 1826, but first published only in 1992, the author writes that many thought that Pozharsky was buried in the Moscow Kazan Cathedral, of which he was the first builder. Modern research has shown that his ashes rest in the family tomb in the Suzdal Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery.

The Pozharsky family ended in the male line in 1682 with the death of his grandson Yuri Ivanovich Pozharsky, who died childless. After the suppression of the Pozharsky family, the tomb was abandoned and in 1765-1766 broken down “due to disrepair.” In 1851, the famous Russian archaeologist Count A. S. Uvarov, during excavations, discovered brick crypts and white stone tombs located in three rows at this site, and in 1885 a marble mausoleum was built above them, built with public funds according to the design of A. M. Gornostaeva. The mausoleum was dismantled during the years of Soviet power in 1933. Archaeological research in the summer of 2008 showed that the tomb remained intact. A slab and a memorial cross were installed above the burial place of D. M. Pozharsky on his birthday, November 1, 2008. In 2009, the marble crypt was restored and opened by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on November 4

Memorial cross erected on November 1, 2008 over the graves of the Pozharsky family in the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery (Suzdal)

The restored tomb of Prince Pozharsky in the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery (Suzdal)

Family

Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was married twice. From his first wife Praskovya Varfolomeevna he had three sons and three daughters (dates are indicated according to s.s.):

Peter (died 1647),
Fedor (d. December 27, 1632),
Ivan (d. February 15, 1668),
Ksenia (died August 22, 1625. She was married to Prince Vasily Semyonovich Kurakin)
Anastasia (year of death unknown. She was married to Prince Ivan Petrovich Pronsky)
Elena (year of death unknown. She was married to Prince Ivan Fedorovich Lykov)

Praskovya Varfolomeevna died on August 28, 1635, and soon the prince married the daughter of the steward Andrei Ivanovich Golitsyn, Princess Theodora, who survived him by nine years and died in 1651 childless.

Descendants

The Pozharsky family ended in the male line in 1685 with the death of Yuri Ivanovich, the grandson of Prince Dmitry.

The descendants of Dmitry Pozharsky are Prince Andrei Mikhailovich Volkonsky and his son, Prince Pyotr Andreevich Volkonsky.

Memory

As long as the name of Russia, saved by Prince Pozharsky, remains known on the globe, until then he will serve as an example of heroism, righteousness and selfless love for the Fatherland.
A. F. Malinovsky, 1817

Monument to Minin and Pozharsky in Moscow ( Martos I. P., 1818).
Monument to Dmitry Pozharsky in Suzdal ( Azgur Z.I., 1955).
Monument to Pozharsky in Purekh ( Gusev P. N., 1998)
Monument to Pozharsky in Zaraysk ( Ivanov Yu. F., 2004).
Monument to Minin and Pozharsky (copy of the Moscow monument, Tsereteli Z.K., 2005) and the central square of Minin and Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod.
Monument to Pozharsky in Borisoglebsky ( Pereyaslavets M. V., 2005 year).
In Veliky Novgorod, on the Monument “1000th Anniversary of Russia”, among 129 figures of the most outstanding personalities in Russian history (as of 1862), the figure of Prince Pozharsky is twice present.
Stele "Oath of Prince Pozharsky" on the territory of the Yaroslavl Museum-Reserve
The electric train ED9M-0212 was named in honor of Dmitry Pozharsky.
Cruiser "Dmitry Pozharsky" project 68 bis (1952-1987).
Pozharsky streets in a number of cities
Dmitry Pozharsky Street in Mozhaisk

Monument to Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky on Red Square in Moscow

Monument to Minin and Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod

Monument to Pozharsky in Suzdal

Dmitry Pozharsky at the Monument “1000th Anniversary of Russia” in Veliky Novgorod

Pozharsky family

Dmitry Pozharsky is a descendant of Vasily Andreevich, the first of the Pozharsky princes, who came from the Starodub princes of the Suzdal land. The Starodub princes, in turn, are descendants of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Vsevolod Yuryevich, son of Yuri Dolgoruky, the founder of Moscow. According to a widespread legend, the center of his small possessions - the village of Radogost - was devastated by a fire, and after restoration it began to be called Pogar, which is where the name of the estate came from.

Childhood

It is traditionally believed that Dmitry Mikhailovich was born on November 1, 1578. Dmitry's father was Prince Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky, who in 1571 married Maria (Euphrosinia) Fedorovna Beklemisheva, who came from an old noble noble family. At birth and baptism, Pozharsky received the “direct name” Cosmas in honor of Cosmas the unmercenary, whose commemoration falls on October 17 (old style). At the same time, he received the “public” name Demetrius in honor of Demetrius of Thessalonica, whose commemoration falls on October 26 (old style). Maria Feodorovna's dowry included the village of Bersenevo in Klinsky district, where Dmitry was most likely born, since the Suzdal lands of the Pozharsky princes, including the village of Mugreevo (Volosynino), were confiscated by Tsar Ivan the Terrible in favor of the guardsmen. The Pozharskys had a house in Moscow, on Sretenka, the basement of which has survived to this day and is part of the house of Count F.V. Rostopchin, who owned the house at the beginning of the 19th century (today Bolshaya Lubyanka, 14). No one lived in the Moscow Pozharsky house at that time, since Fyodor Ivanovich Pozharsky had no children, except for his son Mikhail. Fyodor Ivanovich died in 1581, and his wife Mavra died in 1615. Both were buried in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Dmitry's father, Mikhail Fedorovich, died on August 23, 1587 and was buried in the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery in Suzdal. His mother Maria (Euphrosinia) Beklemisheva died on April 7, 1632 and was also buried in the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery. From historical literature it is known that Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky had four children. The eldest was daughter Daria and sons Dmitry, Yuri and Vasily. When her father died, Daria was fifteen years old, Dmitry was less than ten years old, Vasily was three. Yuri died during his father's lifetime. Subsequently, Daria married Prince Nikita Andreevich Khovansky.

Service under Tsar Boris Godunov

After the death of Mikhail Fedorovich, the Pozharsky family moved to Moscow, where his mother Maria Fedorovna began raising children. In 1593, at the age of 15, Pozharsky entered the palace service, as was customary among princely and noble children of that time. At the beginning of the reign of Boris Godunov (1598), Pozharsky had a court rank - “solicitor with a dress.” At the same time, Pozharsky and his mother repeatedly (until 1602) fell into disgrace with Tsar Boris. But in 1602, their disgrace was lifted. Pozharsky himself was granted the title of steward by the tsar, and his mother became a noblewoman under the tsar’s daughter, Ksenia Borisovna. At the end of the reign of Boris Godunov, Pozharsky’s mother was already the supreme noblewoman under Tsarina Maria Grigorievna, replacing the boyar’s mother in this post Boris Mikhailovich Lykov. Archived− Maria Lykova. At the end of 1602, Dmitry Pozharsky had a parochial dispute with Boris Lykov over the supremacy of their mothers at court. This dispute was not resolved. But in the end, Dmitry Pozharsky’s mother nevertheless became the supreme noblewoman of the Moscow court. Therefore, the opinion of the 19th century historian N.I. Kostomarov about the “seedyness” of the princely family of Pozharsky is incorrect - at least, the branch to which Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky belonged, including on the maternal side.

Pozharsky's mother provided great assistance throughout her life. She herself was a highly educated woman and gave all her children an excellent education, at that time, which was a rare occurrence at that time. So, after the death of his father, Pozharsky, who was less than ten years old, gave the village of Three Dvorishcha to the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery in memory of his father, drawing up a deed of gift himself and signing it. Under the influence of his mother, such remarkable traits as a high sense of faith, honor and duty were instilled in Pozharsky and remained until the end of his life. According to reviews of contemporaries and according to historical documents, the character traits inherent in Prince Pozharsky were: the absence of any swagger, arrogance and arrogance; lack of greed and arrogance. He was distinguished by justice and generosity, generosity in donations to specific people and society as a whole; modesty and honesty in attitudes towards people and actions; devotion to Russian sovereigns and their Fatherland; courage and self-sacrifice; piety, exceptional piety, but without fanaticism; love for your neighbors. In necessary cases, he was strong in spirit, decisive and unshakable, irreconcilable with the enemies of the Fatherland and traitors to the Motherland, and was distinguished by a high sense of self-esteem. At the same time, he was a very gentle and attentive person, which attracted people of different ages and social status to him, from serf to boyar, which was very surprising for the era of that time. Therefore, it is no coincidence that when the residents of Nizhny Novgorod began to look for a military leader for the second people's militia, they unanimously settled on the candidacy of Prince Pozharsky.

Service under Tsar Vasily Shuisky

In May 1606, the impostor was killed, Prince Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky became king, to whom D. M. Pozharsky also swore allegiance. In the spring of the following year, False Dmitry II appeared, and with him, hordes of Lithuanians and Poles invaded the Russian lands, who, supporting False Dmitry II, engaged in robbery, ruined Russian cities, villages, churches and monasteries. Tsar Shuisky mobilized all the means at his disposal to fight against the new impostor and uninvited guests. Among other close associates, in 1608 he sent Prince Pozharsky to fight against the invaders as a regimental commander.

Monument to Minin and Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod

For his zealous service in defending the Fatherland from the Poles, Pozharsky received from Tsar V.I. Shuisky in 1609 the village of Nizhny Landek with twenty villages, repairs and wastelands from his old estate (father and grandfather) in the Suzdal district. The letter of grant stated that he “showed a lot of service and generosity, he endured hunger and poverty in everything and every need of siege for a long time, and he did not encroach on thieves’ charms and troubles, he stood in the firmness of his mind firmly and unshakably without any unsteadiness."

In February 1609, the tsar appointed Pozharsky governor of the city of Zaraysk, Ryazan district.

Later, in January 1611, the residents of Zaraysk, following the example of the residents of Kolomna and Kashira, tried to persuade Pozharsky to swear allegiance to the impostor, but the governor decisively refused their proposal, saying that he knew only one king, V.I. Shuisky, and did not take his oath will change. Pozharsky’s conviction had a great influence on the minds of the townspeople and they remained loyal to Tsar Shuisky. Having learned about this, “Kolomna again turned to Tsar Vasily Ivanovich.”

Interregnum

By the beginning of 1609, a significant number of Russian cities recognized “Tsar Dimitri Ivanovich.” Only the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, the cities of Kolomna, Smolensk, Pereyaslavl-Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod and a number of Siberian cities remained loyal to Shuisky. Among them was Zaraysk, where Prince Pozharsky ruled. The Tsar turned to the Swedes for help, and Charles IX sent an army led by Jacob Delagardie to Russia. The Russian-Swedish army of M.V. Skopin-Shuisky defeated the Tushins near Dmitrov and approached Moscow. At the same time, the Polish king Sigismund III invaded Russia and besieged Smolensk, demanding that the Tushino Poles leave the Pretender and go over to his side. At the beginning of the city, False Dmitry II was forced to flee from Tushino to Kaluga. Skopin-Shuisky entered Moscow, where he unexpectedly died; The Russian-Swedish army under the command of the Tsar’s brother Dmitry Shuisky came to the aid of Smolensk. However, on June 24, it was completely defeated by Hetman Zolkiewski in the Battle of Klushin. Shuisky was overthrown, the Seven Boyars stood at the head of Moscow, Zholkevsky approached Moscow and stood at Khoroshev, the Pretender, for his part, stood at Kolomenskoye. In such a situation, the Seven Boyars, out of fear of the Pretender, kissed the cross of Sigismund’s son, Prince Vladislav, on the terms of his conversion to the Orthodox faith, and then (on the night of September 21) secretly let the Polish garrison into the Kremlin.

First People's Militia

At the same time as the Nizhny Novgorod residents, a militia was also gathering in Ryazan under the leadership of the Ryazan governor Prokopiy Lyapunov. The Zaraysk governor, Prince D. M. Pozharsky, joined Lyapunov’s detachment with his military men. The first Nizhny Novgorod militia, under the leadership of the Nizhny Novgorod governor, Prince Repnin, marched on Moscow in February 1611, numbering about 1,200 people. Detachments of warriors from Kazan, Sviyazhsk and Cheboksary joined the Nizhny Novgorod residents. The Nizhny Novgorod militia arrived near Moscow in mid-March. Somewhat earlier, militia detachments from Ryazan and Vladimir approached Moscow. Residents of Moscow, having learned about the arrival of the militia, began to prepare for the extermination of the Poles they hated. On May 19, a general uprising began. The streets were barricaded with sleighs loaded with firewood, and shots were fired at the Poles from roofs, from houses, and from behind fences. The Poles carried out massacres in the streets, but in the end found themselves besieged on all sides. The solution was found by setting the city on fire. Moscow was burned almost to the ground. The militia rushed to the aid of Muscovites. D. M. Pozharsky met the enemies on Sretenka, repelled them and drove them to Kitai-Gorod. The next day, Wednesday, the Poles again attacked Pozharsky, who had set up a stronghold near his compound on Lubyanka (the area of the current Vorovsky monument). Pozharsky fought with the Poles all day, was seriously wounded and taken from Moscow by his comrades to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Later he moved to his family estate in Mugreevo, and then to the family estate of Yurino, Nizhny Novgorod district. There Pozharsky continued his treatment until he headed the second people's militia in October 1611, the organization of which began in Nizhny Novgorod on the initiative of the zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin.

Second People's Militia

Savinsky V. E. “Nizhny Novgorod ambassadors to Prince Dmitry Pozharsky” (1882).

The second people's militia set out from Nizhny at the end of February - beginning of March 1612. His path ran along the right bank of the Volga through Balakhna, Timonkino, Sitskoye, Katunki, Puchezh, Yuryevets, Reshma, Kineshma, Plyos, Kostroma, Yaroslavl and Rostov the Great. At the request of the residents of Suzdal, Pozharsky sent his relative, the steward of Prince Roman Petrovich Pozharsky, to the city, who, defeating the Poles, liberated the city. The militia arrived in Yaroslavl at the end of March - beginning of April 1612 and was forced to stay until the end of July in order to gather more troops and better prepare the militia for the Moscow battle. Before coming to Yaroslavl, Pozharsky received news of the betrayal of the leaders of the Cossack detachment stationed near Moscow, Prince D. T. Trubetskoy and Ataman Zarutsky, who swore allegiance to another Pretender, the fugitive deacon Isidore (in June 1612, Prince Trubetskoy sent Pozharsky a letter in which he refused oath to the new Pretender). In Yaroslavl, Prince Pozharsky almost died at the hands of hired killers sent by Ataman Zarutsky.

On July 28, 1612, the second people's militia set out from Yaroslavl to Moscow and on August 14, 1612 it was already at the walls of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, and on August 20 it approached Moscow. On August 21-24, a fierce battle took place between the militia and the Poles and the troops of the Lithuanian hetman Chodkiewicz, who came to the aid of the Poles on the orders of the Polish king Sigismund III. By the evening of August 24, the Poles and Chodkiewicz’s troops were completely defeated, and Chodkiewicz himself with the remnants of his army on the morning of August 25, 1612, left for Poland. But for another two months the struggle between the militia and the Poles who had settled in Moscow continued. Finally, on October 22 (November 4, new style), the Poles were expelled from Kitay-Gorod.

Service under Tsar Mikhail Romanov

After numerous discussions at the Zemsky Sobor of 1612-1613, the second person at which, after Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky, was Prince Pozharsky (he directed the debate and led it), on February 21, 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected Russian sovereign. The day before, on February 20, 1613, D. M. Pozharsky proposed that the Council elect a tsar from among the applicants of royal origin, that is, from the relatives of the last Rurikovich - Fyodor Ivanovich, the son of Ivan the Terrible. Mikhail Fedorovich was a cousin of Tsar Fedor Ivanovich and was of boyar origin.

At this Council, Pozharsky “for his service and cleansing of Moscow” received the rank of boyar and estates with estates in the amount of 2,500 chatey. On the letter of the Zemsky Sobor on the election of M. F. Romanov to the Russian throne, his signature, as a boyar, is tenth on the list. “Localism” at that time still occupied a strong position in the Russian state, despite the enormous services to the Fatherland of D. M. Pozharsky. At his crowning on July 11, 1613, Mikhail Romanov again granted Pozharsky the rank of boyar, confirmed Pozharsky's land dachas by the Zemsky Sobor and awarded him new lands in Puretsk parish. Archived from the original on November 28, 2012. Nizhny Novgorod district in the amount of 3,500 people.

In 1632, the truce with Poland ended. Russian troops besieged Smolensk (see Smolensk War). The Russian troops near Smolensk were commanded by Mikhail Shein and Artemy Izmailov. The Tsar sent Pozharsky and Prince Cherkassky to help Shein, but through no fault of theirs the military training was delayed, and Shein was surrounded and forced to accept the terms of surrender in February 1634. At the beginning of 1635, the Peace of Polyanovsky was concluded with Poland. Pozharsky also took part in negotiations with the Poles.

Pozharsky's grave

According to the testimony of the famous archivist of the 19th century A.F. Malinovsky, senator, Manager of the Archive of the College of Foreign Affairs, Dmitry Pozharsky died on April 30 (April 20, old style) 1642 at the 65th year of his life. In the monastery of St. Nicholas of Zaraisky, a note was found about the day of Pozharsky’s death in the following words: “ZRN, April K, the boyar Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky passed away, on Wednesday, the second week after Pascha.” In his work “Review of Moscow,” which Malinovsky completed in 1826, but first published only in 1992, the author writes that many thought that Pozharsky was buried in the Moscow Kazan Cathedral, of which he was the first builder. Modern research has shown that his ashes rest in the family tomb in the Suzdal Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery.

Family

Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was married twice. From his first wife Praskovya Varfolomeevna he had three sons and three daughters (dates are indicated according to s.s.):

Peter (died 1647),
Fedor (d. December 27, 1632),
Ivan (d. February 15, 1668),
Ksenia (died August 22, 1625. She was married to Prince V.S. Kurakin)
Anastasia (year of death unknown. She was married to Prince I.P. Pronsky)
Elena (year of death unknown. She was married to Prince I. F. Lykov)

Descendants

The Pozharsky family ended in the male line in 1685 with the death of Yuri Ivanovich, grandson of Prince Dmitry.

The descendants of Dmitry Pozharsky are Prince Andrei Mikhailovich Volkonsky and his son, Prince Pyotr Andreevich Volkonsky.

Memory

Monument to Pozharsky in Suzdal

As long as the name of Russia, saved by Prince Pozharsky, remains known on the globe, until then he will serve as an example of heroism, righteousness and selfless love for the Fatherland.

Monument to Minin and Pozharsky in Moscow ( Martos I. P., 1818).
Monument to Dmitry Pozharsky in Suzdal ( Azgur Z.I., 1955).
Monument to Pozharsky in Purekh ( Gusev P. N., 1998)
Monument to Pozharsky in Zaraysk ( Ivanov Yu. F., 2004).
Monument (copy of the Moscow monument, Tsereteli Z.K., 2005) and the central square of Minin and Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod.
Monument to Pozharsky in Borisoglebsky ( Pereyaslavets, M. V., 2005 year).
In Veliky Novgorod, on the Monument “1000th Anniversary of Russia”, among 129 figures of the most outstanding personalities in Russian history (as of 1862), the figure of Prince Pozharsky is twice present.
The electric train ED9 M-0212 was named in honor of Dmitry Pozharsky.
Cruiser "Dmitry Pozharsky" project 68 bis (1955-1987).

In philately

Notes

Sources

Malinovsky A.F. Biographical information about Prince Pozharsky. - M., 1817.
Glukharev I. N. Archived from the original on November 28, 2012. Prince Pozharsky and Nizhny Novgorod citizen Minin, or the liberation of Moscow in 1612. Historical tale of the 17th century. - M., 1848.
Smirnov S.K. Archived from the original on November 28, 2012. Biography of Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky. - M., 1852.

Years of life: 1579-1642

Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, statesman and military leader of Russia, who became famous as the organizer of the Second People's Militia in 1612.

The main activities of Pozharsky D.M. .and their results

One of the activities was the liberation of the country from foreign invaders.

The intervention, the power of False Dmitry I and the desire to seize the reign of False Dmitry II aroused in him a feeling of hatred for his enemies, a desire to free the country from the invaders.

During the First People's Militia in 1611, he was an active participant, fought in battles against Polish-Lithuanian troops in Moscow, and was wounded.

D. Pozharsky became, together with K. Minin, the initiator and leader of the Second People's Militia in 1612, exercising military leadership, where his experience as a military leader came in handy.

In 1612, a provisional government, the “Council of the Whole Earth,” was created, headed by D. Pozharsky and D. Trubetskoy. A talented military leader, he managed to stand at the head of the militia, lead the people to Moscow, freeing it from the Poles

The result of this activity was the liberation of Moscow from the interventionists, the victory of the second people's militia, the beginning of the expulsion of enemies from Russian territory.

Another direction was a civil service. Since 1598, he has been involved in government activities: first - a solicitor (an official at the grain, stable and other courts of the tsar), a member of the Zemsky Sobor, and since 1602 - a steward (served the tsar's meals)

The beginning of his activities occurred during the difficult period of the Time of Troubles, when Boris Godunov, elected by the Zemsky Sobor, was in power. As a military leader, Pozharsky took part in the suppression of the Bolotnikov uprising.

When V. Shuisky came to power, Pozharsky supported him, since he was a legally elected ruler. Under him, he was a governor in Zaraysk in 1610-1611, leading the fight against the Poles and Lithuanians.

He took an active part in liberating the country from invaders and had great authority among the people. An interesting fact is that he was even considered as one of the contenders for the Russian throne.

After the election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne, Pozharsky continued active military and government activities. So in 1615 he stood at the head of Russian troops in the southwest of the country, liberating the country from the Poles. He opposed Vladislav's army in 1618, showing personal courage and courage.

After Russia gained independence, Pozharsky was at the head of several orders: Razboynoy, Yamsky, Prikazny, Sudny, and showed excellent diplomatic qualities, negotiating with England in 1617, with Poland in 1635, Crimea (1630-1640).

The result of this activity is active, fruitful work for the benefit of Russia, high authority in the country, respect from the tsars, who trusted him with leadership in the most important areas of the country's life.

Thus, D.M. Pozharsky is one of the brightest statesmen and military figures of Russia, a patriot of his Motherland, who has done a lot for its prosperity and development. This is a national hero who forever remained in the memory of the people as the leader of the Second People's Militia, which saved the country from enslavement.

People honor the memory of this man: on the pedestal of the monument “1000th Anniversary of Russia” Mikeshin M. in Novgorod there is his image, in Moscow on Red Square a monument was erected to him and K. Minin.

Explanation

This material can be used when writing historical essay (task No. 25) when describing the era of the Time of Troubles and the reign of Mikhail Romanov.

Age of Troubles (1598-1613)

The era of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1613-16450

Events, phenomena.

Individuals who took part in this event, phenomenon, process.

Restoration of the country after the devastation of the Time of Troubles.

Active foreign policy to fight Poland, establish diplomatic relations with Western countries.

Mikhail Romanov relied in his activities on outstanding personalities who especially showed themselves during the period of struggle against the invaders. One of them was Pozharsky D. He was entrusted with the leadership of several orders. As a military leader, he was sent to fight Poland and conducted diplomatic negotiations.

The activities of Pozharsky D.M. are a significant contribution to the development of the country and its strengthening. strengthening international influence.

Material prepared by: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna

Monument to Minin K. and Pozharsky D.

Moscow. Red Square. Monument in front of St. Basil's Cathedral. 1818. Author of the project: Martos I.P.

Monument to Pozharsky D. in Zaraisk. 2004. Sculptor Ivanov Yu.F., architect Kireev S.V.

Dmitry Pozharsky at the monument “1000th anniversary of Russia”. Novgorod, 1862, sculptor Mikeshin M.