Pozharsky biography. Prince Dmitry Pozharsky - Suzdal - history - catalog of articles - unconditional love

POZHARSKY, DMITRY MIKHAILOVICH(1578–1642) - prince, Russian political and military leader, boyar.

Born November 1, 1578, Mugreevo village, Suzdal district. Son of Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky from the family of princes Starodubsky (descended from Vsevolod the Big Nest). He began his service in 1593 at the court of Fyodor Ivanovich, became a solicitor under Boris Godunov, and under False Dmitry I (swearing allegiance to him) - steward. In 1610 appointed by Vasily Shuisky governor to Zaraysk and received 20 villages. After the deposition of Shuisky, he swore allegiance to the Polish prince Vladislav, but when the Polish king Sigismund III began to lay claim to the Russian throne, he joined the First Militia, led by P. Lyapunov. In March 1611 he was wounded in the battle on Sretenka and taken to the Puretsk volost in the Nizhny Novgorod region, which belonged to the Pozharskys.

Here, on the instructions of Kuzma Minin, ambassadors came to him with an offer to become the governor of the Second Militia, assembled in Nizhny Novgorod. Pozharsky agreed, but in the militia and in the government “Council of the Whole Earth” formed in Yaroslavl (February 1612) he actually found himself in a supporting role next to Minin.

In the summer of 1612, reinforcements under the command of Hetman Khodkevich (12 thousand people) moved to help the Polish garrison settled in the Kremlin; in response, Pozharsky led the militia to the capital, standing at the Arbat Gate. On August 22, the Poles began crossing the Moscow River to the Novodevichy Convent, accumulating near it, but Pozharsky’s cavalry, with the support of the Cossacks of Prince D.T. Trubetskoy, pushed Khodkevich to Poklonnaya Hill. On August 22–24, Pozharsky forced the Poles to go on the defensive. He recaptured the provisions brought for the Polish garrison by Chodkiewicz, after which the fate of the Poles was decided; hunger forced them to surrender on October 26, 1612.

With the capture of Moscow, the history of the Second Militia ended. Subsequently, Pozharsky did not play a prominent role in the election of Tsar Mikhail Romanov; the new tsar elevated him from stolnik to boyar (1613), but Pozharsky did not receive large estates. During the Russian-Polish War of 1614 he took part in the battle of Orel against the Polish adventurer Lisovsky. Then he was in charge of “government money” in Moscow, defended Kaluga from Lithuanian raiders, participated in military operations against Prince Vladislav, served as a governor in Novgorod and Pereyaslavl-Ryazan, and was in charge of the Judgment Order. Before his death in 1642, he adopted the schema and spiritual name of Kuzma in memory of his comrade in the militia. He was buried in the family tomb of the Spaso-Evfimievsky Monastery in Suzdal.

Monuments to D.M. Pozharsky and K. Minin were erected on Red Square (sculptor I.P. Martos, 1818), in Nizhny Novgorod (sculptor A.I. Melnikov, 1826). In 1885, a monument was erected at his grave in Suzdal using public funds. The image of Pozharsky is captured in the paintings of V.E. Savinsky The sick Prince Pozharsky receives ambassadors(1882), M. Scotty Minin and Pozharsky, in film Minin and Pozharsky directors V. Pudovkin and M. Doller

Welcome!

You are on the main page Encyclopedias of Nizhny Novgorod- the central reference resource of the region, published with the support of public organizations of Nizhny Novgorod.

At the moment, the Encyclopedia is a description of regional life and the external world surrounding it from the point of view of the Nizhny Novgorod residents themselves. Here you can freely publish informational, commercial and personal materials, create convenient links like this and add your opinion to most existing texts. The editors of the Encyclopedia pay special attention to authoritative sources - messages from influential, informed and successful Nizhny Novgorod people.

We invite you to enter more Nizhny Novgorod information into the Encyclopedia, become an expert, and, possibly, one of the administrators.

Principles of the Encyclopedia:

2. Unlike Wikipedia, the Nizhny Novgorod Encyclopedia can contain information and an article about any, even the smallest Nizhny Novgorod phenomenon. In addition, scientificity, neutrality, and the like are not required.

3. Simplicity of presentation and natural human language are the basis of our style and are strongly encouraged when they help convey the truth. Encyclopedia articles are designed to be understandable and bring practical benefit.

4. Different and mutually exclusive points of view are allowed. You can create different articles about the same phenomenon. For example, the state of affairs on paper, in reality, in the popular narrative, from the point of view of a certain group of people.

5. Reasoned popular speech always takes precedence over administrative-clerical style.

Read the basics

We invite you to write articles about Nizhny Novgorod phenomena that you think you understand.

Project status

The Nizhny Novgorod Encyclopedia is a completely independent project. ENN is funded and supported exclusively by private individuals and developed by activists on a non-profit basis.

Official contacts

Non-profit organization " Open Nizhny Novgorod Encyclopedia» (self-proclaimed organization)

Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky is a man of high faith, honor and duty

Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky (October 17 (30), 1577 - November 1, 1642) Russian national hero, military and political figure, head of the Second People's Militia, which liberated Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian occupiers.

Pozharsky family

Dmitry Pozharsky is a descendant of Vasily Andreevich, the first of the Pozharsky princes, who came from the Starodub princes of the Suzdal land. The Starodub princes, in turn, are descendants of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Vsevolod Yuryevich, the son of Yuri Dolgoruky, the founder of Moscow

According to a widespread legend, the center of his small possessions - the village of Radogost - was devastated by a fire, and after restoration it began to be called Pogar, which is where the name of the estate came from.

The coat of arms of the principality and the princes of Starodub, invented in the 18th century

Vsevolod Yurievich Big Nest

Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky

Before Dmitry Mikhailovich, there were no outstanding military and political figures in the Pozharsky family. Only his grandfather, Fyodor Ivanovich Pozharsky, participated as a regimental commander during the conquest of Kazan by Tsar Ivan the Terrible. As a result of the establishment of the oprichnina by Ivan the Terrible, local lands were taken away from many princely families in the central part of Rus'. Many families fell into disgrace and were exiled. A similar fate befell the family of Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Pozharsky, which in the 1560s was exiled to the “nizovsky lands” (nizovsky lands at that time were considered the lands of the Nizhny Novgorod district and the neighboring infidels - the Mordovians, Cheremis, and subsequently the Tatars), where The Pozharskys had an old family estate in the Zharsky volost in the village of Yurino.

Childhood

It is traditionally believed that Dmitry Mikhailovich was born on October 1, 1577. Dmitry's father was Prince Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky, who in 1571 married Maria (Euphrosinia) Fedorovna Beklemisheva, who came from an old noble noble family. At birth and baptism, Pozharsky received the “direct name” Kozma in honor of Kosma the unmercenary, whose commemoration falls on October 17 (old style). At the same time, he received the “public” name Demetrius in honor of Demetrius of Thessalonica, whose commemoration falls on October 26 (old style). Maria Feodorovna's dowry included the village of Bersenevo in Klinsky district, where Dmitry was most likely born, since the Suzdal lands of the Pozharsky princes, including the village of Mugreevo (Volosynino), were confiscated by Tsar Ivan the Terrible in favor of the guardsmen. The Pozharskys had a house in Moscow, on Sretenka, the basement of which has survived to this day and is part of the house of Count F.V. Rostopchin, who owned the house at the beginning of the 19th century (today Bolshaya Lubyanka, 14). No one lived in the Moscow Pozharsky house at that time, since Fyodor Ivanovich Pozharsky had no children, except for his son Mikhail. Fyodor Ivanovich died in 1581, and his wife Maria died in 1615. Both were buried in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Dmitry's father, Mikhail Fedorovich, died on August 23, 1587 and was buried in the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery in Suzdal. His mother Maria (Euphrosinia) Beklemisheva died on April 7, 1632 and was also buried in the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery. From historical literature it is known that Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky had four children. The eldest was daughter Daria and sons Dmitry, Yuri and Vasily. When her father died, Daria was fifteen years old, Dmitry was less than ten, Vasily was three. Yuri died during his father's lifetime. Subsequently, Daria married Prince Nikita Andreevich Khovansky.

Moscow View from Lubyanka to the Vladimir Gate F.Ya. Alekseev.

Service under Tsar Boris Godunov

After the death of their father, the Pozharsky family moved to Moscow, where the widow Maria Fedorovna began raising children. In 1593, at the age of 15, Pozharsky entered the palace service, as was customary among princely and noble children of that time. At the beginning of the reign of Boris Godunov (1598), Pozharsky had a court rank - "Solicitor with a dress".

Boris Fedorovich Godunov

At the same time, Pozharsky and his mother repeatedly (until 1602) fell into disgrace with Tsar Boris. But in 1602, their disgrace was lifted. Pozharsky himself was granted the title of steward by the tsar, and his mother became a noblewoman under the tsar’s daughter, Ksenia Borisovna. At the end of the reign of Boris Godunov, Pozharsky’s mother was already the supreme noblewoman under Tsarina Maria Grigorievna, replacing the mother of boyar Boris Mikhailovich Lykov, Maria Lykova, in this post.

Ksenia Borisovna Godunova

At the end of 1602, Dmitry Pozharsky had a parochial dispute with Boris Lykov over the supremacy of their mothers at court. This dispute was not resolved. But in the end, Dmitry Pozharsky’s mother nevertheless became the supreme noblewoman of the Moscow court. Therefore, the opinion of the 19th century historian N.I. Kostomarov about the “seedyness” of the princely family of Pozharsky is incorrect - at least, the branch to which Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky belonged, including on the maternal side.

Nikolay Ge. "Tsar Boris and Queen Martha." Sketch of an unrealized painting. 1874

Pozharsky's mother provided great assistance throughout her life. She herself was a highly educated woman and gave all her children an excellent education, at that time, which was a rare occurrence at that time. So, after the death of his father, Pozharsky, who was less than ten years old, gave the village of Three Dvorishcha to the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery in memory of his father, drawing up a deed of gift himself and signing it. Under the influence of his mother, such remarkable traits as a high sense of faith, honor and duty were instilled in Pozharsky and remained until the end of his life. According to reviews of contemporaries and according to historical documents, the character traits inherent in Prince Pozharsky were: the absence of any swagger, arrogance and arrogance; lack of greed and arrogance. He was distinguished by justice and generosity, generosity in donations to specific people and society as a whole; modesty and honesty in attitudes towards people and actions; devotion to Russian sovereigns and their Fatherland; courage and self-sacrifice; piety, exceptional piety, but without fanaticism; love for your neighbors. In necessary cases, he was strong in spirit, decisive and unshakable, irreconcilable with the enemies of the Fatherland and traitors to the Motherland, and was distinguished by a high sense of self-esteem. At the same time, he was a very gentle and attentive person, which attracted people of different ages and social status to him, from serf to boyar, which was very surprising for the era of that time. Therefore, it is no coincidence that when the residents of Nizhny Novgorod began to look for a military leader for the second people’s militia, they unanimously settled on the candidacy of Prince Pozharsky.

After the death of Tsar Boris Godunov and his son Tsar Fedor II, in April 1605, False Dmitry I, a protege of the Polish king Sigismund III, to whom both Moscow and the boyar duma swore allegiance, came to power. Pozharsky continues to be at court.

False Dmitry I

Service under Tsar Vasily Shuisky

In May 1606, the impostor was killed, Prince Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky became king, to whom Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky also swore allegiance.

Vasily IV Shuisky

In the spring of the following year, False Dmitry II appeared, and with him, hordes of Lithuanians and Poles invaded the Russian lands, who, supporting False Dmitry II, engaged in robbery, ruined Russian cities, villages, churches and monasteries. Tsar Shuisky mobilized all the means at his disposal to fight against the new impostor and uninvited guests. Among other close associates, in 1608 he sent Prince Pozharsky to fight against the invaders as a regimental commander.

Dmitry is an impostor. Far Eastern Art Museum.

Nikolai Vasilievich Nevrev

For his zealous service in defending the Fatherland from the Poles, Pozharsky received from Tsar V.I. Shuisky in 1609 a patrimony from his old estate (father and grandfather) in the Suzdal district of the village of Nizhny Landek with twenty villages, repairs and wastelands. The letter of grant stated that he “showed a lot of service and generosity, he endured hunger and poverty in everything and every need of siege for a long time, and he did not encroach on thieves’ charms and troubles, he stood in the firmness of his mind firmly and unshakably without any unsteadiness."

At the end of 1609, the Ryazan governor Prokopiy Lyapunov persuaded Pozharsky to proclaim the boyar Skopin-Shuisky king, but the prince was faithful to his oath to Shuisky and did not succumb to persuasion.

Meeting between Skopin-Shuisky and Tsar Vasily Shuisky in Moscow

Prince Skopin-Shuisky tears up the letter of Lyapunov's ambassadors calling him to the kingdom. 19th century engraving

In February 1609, the tsar appointed Pozharsky governor of the city of Zaraysk, Ryazan district.

After the death of Skopin-Shuisky in April 1610, P. Lyapunov turned to Pozharsky with a proposal to take revenge on Tsar Shuisky for the death of the prince, but Pozharsky again remained faithful to the oath. In July, Shuisky was removed, and power passed to the boyar duma.

Prince Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky at a feast at Prince Vorotynsky

Later, in January 1611, the residents of Zaraysk, following the example of the residents of Kolomna and Kashira, tried to persuade Pozharsky to swear allegiance to the impostor, but the governor decisively refused their proposal, saying that he knew only one king, V.I. Shuisky, and did not take his oath will change. Pozharsky’s conviction had a great influence on the minds of the townspeople and they remained loyal to Tsar Shuisky. Having learned about this, " Kolomna again turned to Tsar Vasily Ivanovich"

Interregnum

By the beginning of 1609, a significant number of Russian cities recognized “Tsar Dimitri Ivanovich.” Only the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, the cities of Kolomna, Smolensk, Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky, Nizhny Novgorod and a number of Siberian cities remained faithful to Shuisky. Among them was Zaraysk, where Prince Pozharsky ruled. The Tsar turned to the Swedes for help, and Charles IX sent an army to Russia led by Jacob Delagardie.

Jacob Pontusson Delagardie Count of Lequeu

Prince Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky meets the Swedish governor Delagardi near Novgorod (1609)

The Russian-Swedish army of M.V. Skopin-Shuisky defeated the Tushins near Dmitrov and approached Moscow. At the same time, the Polish king Sigismund III invaded Russia and besieged Smolensk, demanding that the Tushino Poles leave the Pretender and go over to his side. At the beginning of 1610, False Dmitry II was forced to flee from Tushin to Kaluga. Skopin-Shuisky entered Moscow, where he unexpectedly died; The Russian-Swedish army under the command of the Tsar’s brother Dmitry Shuisky came to the aid of Smolensk. However, on June 24, 1610, it was completely defeated by Hetman Zolkiewski in the Battle of Klushin.

Battle of Klushino

Shuisky was overthrown, the Seven Boyars stood at the head of Moscow, Zholkevsky approached Moscow and stood at Khoroshev, the Pretender, for his part, stood at Kolomenskoye. In such a situation, the Seven Boyars, out of fear of the Pretender, kissed the cross of Sigismund’s son, Prince Vladislav, on the terms of his conversion to the Orthodox faith, and then (on the night of September 21) secretly let the Polish garrison into the Kremlin.

Portrait of Sigismund III Vasa, 1610s. Royal Castle in Warsaw, Jakob Troschel

Peter Paul Rubens. Portrait of Władysław Vasa, 1624 Wawel.

Stanisław Zolkiewski shows the captive Tsar and his brothers at the Diet in Warsaw on October 29, 1611. Painting by Jan Matejko.

First People's Militia

Prince Pozharsky, at that time the Zaraysk voivode, did not recognize the decision of the Moscow boyars to call the son of Sigismund III, Prince Vladislav, to the Russian throne. The residents of Nizhny Novgorod also did not recognize the decision of the Seven Boyars. In January 1611, having confirmed themselves with a kiss of the cross (oath) with the Balakhonians (residents of the city of Balakhna), they sent letters of conscription to the cities of Ryazan, Kostroma, Vologda, Galich and others, asking to send warriors to Nizhny Novgorod in order to “stand for... the faith and for The Moscow state is one." The appeals of Nizhny Novgorod residents were successful. Many Volga and Siberian cities responded.

Minin's appeal to the people of Nizhny Novgorod in 1611, Mikhail Peskov

At the same time as the Nizhny Novgorod residents, a militia was gathering in Ryazan under the leadership of the Ryazan governor Prokopiy Lyapunov. The Zaraysk governor, Prince D. M. Pozharsky, joined Lyapunov’s detachment with his military men. The first Nizhny Novgorod militia, under the leadership of the Nizhny Novgorod governor, Prince Repnin, marched on Moscow in February 1611, numbering about 1,200 people. Detachments of warriors from Kazan, Sviyazhsk and Cheboksary joined the Nizhny Novgorod residents. The Nizhny Novgorod militia arrived near Moscow in mid-March. Somewhat earlier, militia detachments from Ryazan and Vladimir approached Moscow. Residents of Moscow, having learned about the arrival of the militia, began to prepare for the extermination of the Poles they hated. On March 19, a general uprising began. The streets were barricaded with sleighs loaded with firewood, and shots were fired at the Poles from roofs, from houses, and from behind fences. The Poles carried out massacres in the streets, but in the end found themselves besieged on all sides. The solution was found by setting the city on fire. Moscow was burned almost to the ground. The militia rushed to the aid of Muscovites. D. M. Pozharsky met the enemies on Sretenka, repelled them and drove them to Kitai-Gorod. The next day, Wednesday, the Poles again attacked Pozharsky, who had set up a stronghold near his compound on Lubyanka (the area of the current Vorovsky monument). Pozharsky fought with the Poles all day, was seriously wounded and taken from Moscow by his comrades to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Later he moved to his family estate in Mugreevo, and then to the family estate of Yurino, Nizhny Novgorod district. There Pozharsky continued his treatment until he headed the second people's militia in October 1611, the organization of which began in Nizhny Novgorod on the initiative of the zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin.

The first militia was initially victorious, capturing the White City. However, the enmity between the nobles led by Prokopiy Lyapunov and the Cossacks (former Tushins) led by Ivan Zarutsky played a fatal role in his fate. After the murder of Lyapunov by the Cossacks, the nobles began to scatter, and the militia actually lost its combat effectiveness and disintegrated, although its remnants under the leadership of Zarutsky and Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy still stood near Moscow.

Second People's Militia

It should be noted here that only the Trinity-Sergius Monastery under the leadership of Archimandrite Dionysius and Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership of the governors Prince Repnin and Alyabyev held on most steadfastly and consistently in this troubled time for Russia. And Patriarch Hermogenes, irreconcilable with his enemies, was still alive, imprisoned by the Poles in the dungeon of the Chudov Monastery, where he subsequently died on February 17, 1612 from hunger and disease.

Vasily Vereshchagin. "Siege of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra"

Pavel Chistyakov - “Patriarch Hermogenes in prison refuses to sign the letter of the Poles”

From July 1611, Archimandrite Dionysius began sending letters to different cities of Russia in order to awaken hatred in the hearts of citizens towards foreign invaders. On August 25, 1611, in Nizhny Novgorod, a letter was also received from Patriarch Hermogenes, where the holy elder called on the people of Nizhny Novgorod to stand for the holy cause, for the Orthodox faith. Voivode Alyabyev sent a copy of the letter to Kazan, and the Kazan people sent it to Perm. And it is no coincidence that Nizhny Novgorod was the first to speak loudly about resistance to foreigners.

Appeal of Kuzma Minin to the people of Nizhny Novgorod, Alexey Danilovich Kivshenko

Zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin called on every Nizhny Novgorod citizen to give up part of his property to equip warriors, and the people, representing all classes, warmly responded to his call. When choosing a military leader for the militia, the Nizhny Novgorod residents settled on the candidacy of Prince D. M. Pozharsky and sent a delegation led by the abbot of the Ascension Pechersky Monastery, Archimandrite Theodosius, to the village of Yurino (according to another version, to the village of Mugreevo, now the Yuzhsky district of the Ivanovo region). Pozharsky arrived in Nizhny Novgorod on October 28, 1611.

Minin on the square of Nizhny Novgorod, near the Church of John the Baptist, calling on people for donations. K. E. Makovsky (1839—1915)

The second people's militia set out from Nizhny Novgorod at the end of February - beginning of March 1612. His path ran along the right bank of the Volga through Balakhna, Timonkino, Sitskoye, Katunki, Puchezh, Yuryevets, Reshma, Kineshma, Plyos, Kostroma, Yaroslavl and Rostov the Great. At the request of the residents of Suzdal, Pozharsky sent his relative, the steward of Prince Roman Petrovich Pozharsky, to the city, who, having defeated the Poles, liberated the city. The militia arrived in Yaroslavl at the end of March - beginning of April 1612 and was forced to stay until the end of July in order to gather more troops and better prepare the militia for the Moscow battle. Before coming to Yaroslavl, Pozharsky received news of the betrayal of the leaders of the Cossack detachment stationed near Moscow, Prince D. T. Trubetskoy and Ataman Zarutsky, who swore allegiance to another Pretender, the fugitive deacon Isidore (in June 1612, Prince Trubetskoy sent Pozharsky a letter in which he refused oath to the new Pretender). In Yaroslavl, Prince Pozharsky almost died at the hands of hired killers sent by Ataman Zarutsky.

Expulsion of Poles from the Kremlin. E. Lissner

On July 28, 1612, the second people's militia set out from Yaroslavl to Moscow and on August 14, 1612 it was already at the walls of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, and on August 20 it approached Moscow. On August 21-24, a fierce battle took place between the militia and the Poles and the troops of the Lithuanian hetman Chodkiewicz, who came to the aid of the Poles on the orders of the Polish king Sigismund III. By the evening of August 24, the Poles and Chodkiewicz’s troops were completely defeated, and Chodkiewicz himself with the remnants of his army on the morning of August 25, 1612, left for Poland. But for another two months the struggle between the militia and the Poles who had settled in Moscow continued. Finally, on October 22 (November 1, new style), the Poles were expelled from Kitay-Gorod.

M. I. Scotti. "Minin and Pozharsky" (1850). The red banner with the icon carried by the prince is historically accurate.

Service under Tsar Mikhail Romanov

After numerous discussions at the Zemsky Sobor of 1612-1613, the second person at which, after Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky, was Prince Pozharsky (he directed and led the debate), on February 21, 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected Russian sovereign. The day before, on February 20, 1613, D. M. Pozharsky proposed that the Council elect a tsar from among the applicants of royal origin, that is, from the relatives of the last Rurikovich - Fyodor Ivanovich, the son of Ivan the Terrible. Mikhail Fedorovich was a cousin of Tsar Fedor Ivanovich and was of boyar origin.

The calling of Mikhail Fedorovich to the kingdom

The calling of Mikhail Fedorovich to the kingdom. N. Shustov.

Election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the throne

Alexey Danilovich Kivshenko

Nesterov Mikhail. The calling of Mikhail Fedorovich to the kingdom.

The election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne in 1613 Claudius Vasilyevich Lebedev

At this Cathedral Pozharsky "for service and cleansing of Moscow" received the rank of boyar and patrimony with estates in the amount of 2,500 children. On the letter of the Zemsky Sobor on the election of M. F. Romanov to the Russian throne, his signature, as a boyar, is tenth on the list. “Localism” at that time still occupied a strong position in the Russian state, despite the enormous services to the Fatherland of D. M. Pozharsky. At his crowning on July 11, 1613, Mikhail Romanov again granted Pozharsky the rank of boyar, confirmed Pozharsky's land dachas by the Zemsky Sobor and awarded him new lands in the Puretsk volost of the Nizhny Novgorod district in the amount of 3,500 people.

During the anointing of the sovereign, the royal crown on a golden platter was held by the king’s uncle Ivan Nikitich Romanov, the scepter by Prince D. T. Trubetskoy, and the orb by Prince Pozharsky. Taking into account that Prince Pozharsky in his “fatherland” was lower than many boyars, it is especially significant that he took such a prominent position at the crowning of Mikhail Fedorovich. This must be seen as an expression of gratitude of the young tsar and his contemporaries to Prince Pozharsky for the fact that during the general “vacillation” he stood firmly and unshakably for the truth and, having overcome the turmoil, led “all the kingdoms of the Russian state” to unity in the struggle for its independence and in choosing a new Russian Tsar.

Moskvitin Philip. Anointing of Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov to the throne

Coronation of Mikhail Fedorovich in 1613

After the election of Mikhail Fedorovich to the Russian throne, D. M. Pozharsky plays a leading role at the royal court as a talented military leader and statesman. Despite the victory of the people's militia and the election of the Tsar, the war in Russia still continued. In 1615-1616. Pozharsky, on the instructions of the tsar, was sent at the head of a large army to fight the detachments of the Polish colonel Lisovsky, who besieged the city of Bryansk and took Karachev. After the fight with Lisovsky, the tsar instructs Pozharsky in the spring of 1616 to collect the fifth money from merchants into the treasury, since the wars did not stop and the treasury was depleted. In 1617, the tsar instructed Pozharsky to conduct diplomatic negotiations with the English ambassador John Merik, appointing Pozharsky as governor of Kolomensky. In the same year, the Polish prince Vladislav came to the Moscow state. Residents of Kaluga and its neighboring cities turned to the tsar with a request to send them D. M. Pozharsky to protect them from the Poles. The Tsar fulfilled the request of the Kaluga residents and gave an order to Pozharsky on October 18, 1617 to protect Kaluga and surrounding cities by all available measures. Prince Pozharsky fulfilled the tsar's order with honor. Having successfully defended Kaluga, Pozharsky received an order from the tsar to go to the aid of Mozhaisk, namely to the city of Borovsk, and began to harass the troops of Prince Vladislav with flying detachments, causing them significant damage. However, at the same time, Pozharsky became very ill and, at the behest of the tsar, returned to Moscow.

Minin appeals to Prince Pozharsky for the salvation of the Fatherland, Grigory Ivanovich Ugryumov

Pozharsky, having barely recovered from his illness, took an active part in defending the capital from Vladislav’s troops, for which Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich awarded him new fiefs and estates. By the end of his life, Pozharsky had nearly ten thousand acres of land with many villages, hamlets and wastelands and was considered one of the richest nobles of the Moscow state.

Kotarbinsky V. A. “The sick Prince Dmitry Pozharsky receives Moscow ambassadors”

In 1619, the tsar entrusted Pozharsky with the leadership of the Yamsky order. In 1620, Pozharsky was the Novgorod voivode and held this position until 1624. From 1624 to 1628 Pozharsky was the head of the Robust Order. In 1624, during his pilgrimage trip to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, the tsar left Moscow in the care of F.I. Sheremetyev, whose assistant was Pozharsky. At both the tsar’s weddings in 1624 and 1626, Pozharsky was one of the tsar’s friends, and Pozharsky’s wife, Praskovya Varfolomeevna, was the tsar’s matchmaker. When Pozharsky was in Moscow for his service, along with other eminent boyars he was invited to the festive royal and patriarchal tables and, as I. E. Zabelin noted, “he was no less present in these invitations to the big boyars.” In August 1628, Pozharsky was again appointed governor of Novgorod the Great with the title of governor of Suzdal, but already in September 1630, by decree of the tsar, he was summoned to Moscow and appointed head of the Local Prikaz.

In 1632, the truce with Poland ended. Russian troops besieged Smolensk. The Russian troops near Smolensk were commanded by Mikhail Shein and Artemy Izmailov. The Tsar sent Pozharsky and Prince Cherkassky to help Shein, but through no fault of theirs the military training was delayed, and Shein was surrounded and forced to accept the terms of surrender in February 1634. At the beginning of 1635, the Peace of Polyanovsky was concluded with Poland. Pozharsky also took part in negotiations with the Poles.

Surrender of Shein's siege army to King Władysław IV (Triumphal painting c. 1634, unknown Polish artist)

In 1636-1637, Prince Pozharsky was the head of the Moscow Court Order. In 1637 he turned 60 years old, a very advanced age at that time. But the tsar did not let Pozharsky leave him. He needed him as a person he could rely on in any important matter. And in case of war with the Crimean Tatars, the tsar in April 1638 appointed Pozharsky as regimental commander in Pereyaslavl Ryazan. But this war did not take place. When Mikhail Romanov’s son, Ivan, and then another, Vasily, died in 1639, Pozharsky “spent day and night” (that is, he was assigned to honorary duty) at the coffins of the princes. In the spring of 1640, D. M. Pozharsky, together with I. P. Sheremetyev, twice participated in negotiations with the Polish ambassadors, and was written by the governor of Kolomensky. These negotiations are the last services of Prince Pozharsky, recorded in the Rank Book

Pozharsky's grave

In the 19th-20th centuries, there was an opinion among historians that before his death, Prince Pozharsky adopted the schema under the name Cosmas, as was customary among the princely class of that time. However, the research of Academician M.P. Pogodin in the middle of the 19th century, plus the acquisition of the prince’s Spiritual Charter at the beginning of the 21st century, gives reason to conclude that he did not accept the schema before his death.

According to the testimony of the famous archivist of the 19th century A.F. Malinovsky, senator, Manager of the Archives of the College of Foreign Affairs, Dmitry Pozharsky died on April 30 (April 20, old style) 1642 at the 65th year of his life. In the monastery of St. Nicholas of Zaraisky, a note was found about the day of Pozharsky’s death in the following words: “ZRN, April K, the boyar Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky passed away, on Wednesday, the second week after Easter”. In my work "Moscow Review", which Malinovsky completed in 1826, but first published only in 1992, the author writes that many thought that Pozharsky was buried in the Moscow Kazan Cathedral, of which he was the first builder. Modern research has shown that his ashes rest in the family tomb in the Suzdal Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery.

Ensemble of the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery, Suzdal

Monastery of Saint Euthymius

The Pozharsky family ended in the male line in 1682 with the death of his grandson Yuri Ivanovich Pozharsky, who died childless. After the suppression of the Pozharsky family, the tomb was abandoned and in 1765-1766 broken down “due to disrepair.” In 1851, the famous Russian archaeologist Count A. S. Uvarov, during excavations, discovered brick crypts and white stone tombs located in three rows at this site, and in 1885 a marble mausoleum was built above them, built with public funds according to the design of A. M. Gornostaeva. The mausoleum was dismantled during the years of Soviet power in 1933. Archaeological research in the summer of 2008 showed that the tomb remained intact. A slab and a memorial cross were installed above the burial place of D. M. Pozharsky on his birthday, November 1, 2008. In 2009, the marble crypt was restored and opened by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on November 4

Monument to Minin and Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod

Monument to Pozharsky in Suzdal

Dmitry Pozharsky at the Monument “1000th Anniversary of Russia” in Veliky Novgorod

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozharsky,_Dmitry_Mikhailovich

V.E. Shmatov

About the date of birth of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky

Until today, historians and researchers did not know the exact date of birth of the great citizen of Russia - Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky. On the Internet, November 1, 1578, and March 14, 1578, and April 29, 1578, and April 20, 1578 are indicated (confused with the date of Pozharsky’s death - April 20, 1642), and February 14, 1578, and other dates. Today, historians generally consider the date of birth of D.M. Pozharsky on November 1, 1578, first named by L.M. Savelov in his work "Princes of Pozharsky". – Chronicle of the historical and genealogical society in Moscow. Vol. 1. M., 1906. Let's consider how this date is justified and whether this is really so. L.M. himself Savelov does not substantiate this date, at least the day and month of birth. Other authors who wrote about Pozharsky after him simply take this date on faith. We have our own evidentiary source base on this matter, according to which it follows that the date of birth of D.M. Pozharsky is different.

The very first of Pozharsky’s biographers, A.F. Malinovsky, in his essay “Biographical Information about Prince Dimitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky,” M., 1817, it is said that Pozharsky was born in 1578 from the marriage in 1571 of his father Mikhail Fedorovich to Efrosinia Fedorovna Beklemisheva. Further he writes: “His father, Prince Mikhail Fedorovich, died seventeen years after his marriage, leaving the Dowager Princess with two sons: Prince Dmitry ten years old, Prince Vasily three years old and a daughter, Princess Daria fifteen years old... “All subsequent historians and researchers , right up to the present day, the year of Pozharsky’s birth, 1578, has not been disputed by anyone. But we have doubts about this. And here’s why. If we take simple arithmetic operations and take 1571 as a basis - the year of Mikhail Fedorovich’s marriage, it follows that he (according to A.F. Malinovsky) died in 1588. However, the research of N.M. Kurganova, given by her in the work “Tombstones from the tomb of the princes Pozharsky and Khovansky in the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery in Suzdal. – Cultural monuments: new discoveries 1993. M., 1994, show that Prince M.F. Pozharsky died on August 23, 1587. The same year of death of M.F. Pozharsky is also confirmed by the import document dated February 28, 1588, given to his wife after his death (Acts of service landowners of the 15th – early 17th centuries. T. I. M., 1997. p. 190). But then the year of birth of D.M. Pozharsky should be not 1578, but 1577. The same year of birth of D.M. Pozharsky is confirmed by the above-mentioned import document dated February 28, 1588, which says: “Prince Dmitry, ten years old.” If November 1 is considered the prince’s birthday, then, according to the import document, on November 1, 1587 he should have already turned ten years old. This means that the actual year of birth of D.M. Pozharsky should be considered exactly 1577.

Now let's clarify the name received by D.M. Pozharsky at his birth and baptism, and according to him - the day and month of his birth. In this regard, let us turn to the spiritual letter (testament) of D.M. Pozharsky, discovered in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA) by researcher A.V. Antonov (RGADA, f. 1209, columns for N. Novgorod, stb. 604/20965, part III) and published with his knowledge by Yu.M. Eskin with his comments in the magazine "Domestic History" No. 1, 2000, p. 143-155. The spiritual letter begins with the words: “In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Behold, the servant of God, the many-sinful boyar prince Kozma nickname Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky..." I, like Yu.M. Eskin, deny the unconfirmed hypothesis of a number of researchers that D.M. Pozharsky accepted the schema before his death and received the monastic name Cosmas. He did not accept the schema, since he was buried in full boyar guise, as shown by the opening of the tomb of D. M. Pozharsky in 1852 by the commission of Count A. S. Uvarov (M. P. Pogodin: “Research on the burial place of Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky,” “Moskvityanin” 1852) , No. 19). This means that the prince received the name Cosmas at his birth in honor of the saint, on whose memorial day he was born. But the name Cosmas in the princely environment is rather dissonant. And according to the custom of that time, he was given a second name, secular, Dimitri, more suitable for the princely family. This was then customary in princely families. For example, the mother of D. M. Pozharsky had three names: Euphrosyne, given to her at birth, Maria - a secular name and Evznikeia (Eunicea) - when taking the schema. Another example. In 1155 Grand Duke Yuri Dolgoruky gave birth to a son, Dmitry, whom he nicknamed Vsevolod - the future Grand Duke Vsevolod the Big Nest (PSRL, St. Petersburg, 1862. Vol.9.

In the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior in the village of Purekh, Nizhny Novgorod province, until its closure in 1937, there was an ancient double-sided icon with the images of Cosmas the Unmercenary and Demetrius of Thessalonica, donated by Prince D.M. Pozharsky to the Makaryevsky (Preobrazhensky) monastery of the Puretsk volost. The prince greatly revered this icon, the saints on which were his patrons.

So, Prince Pozharsky received his first name Cosma at birth on the day of commemoration of Cosmas the unmercenary. There are three such days a year (according to the old style): July 1, October 17 and November 1. After baptism, Prince Pozharsky receives a secular name in honor of Demetrius of Thessalonica. His memorial day is October 26. Therefore, according to logic, Prince Pozharsky could not have been born either on July 1 or November 1, but only on October 17 - October 30 according to the new style.

Page:

Pozharsky Dmitry Mikhailovich (1578-1642) - prince, Russian political and military leader, boyar.

Born November 1, 1578, Mugreevo village, Suzdal district. Son of Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky from the family of princes Starodubsky (descended from Vsevolod the Big Nest). He began his service in 1593 at the court of Fyodor Ivanovich, under Boris Godunov he became a solicitor, under False Dmitry I (having sworn allegiance to him) - a steward. In 1610 Vasily Shuisky appointed him governor of Zaraysk and received 20 villages. After the deposition of Shuisky, he swore allegiance to the Polish prince Vladislav, but when the Polish king Sigismund III began to lay claim to the Russian throne, he joined the First Militia, led by P. Lyapunov. In March 1611 he was wounded in the battle on Sretenka and taken to the Puretsk volost in the Nizhny Novgorod region, which belonged to the Pozharskys.

If we had such a pillar as Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, everyone would stick to him, but I would not get involved in such a great cause without him; The boyars and the whole earth have now forced me to this work.

Pozharsky Dmitry Mikhailovich

In the summer of 1612, reinforcements under the command of Hetman Khodkevich (12 thousand people) moved to help the Polish garrison settled in the Kremlin; in response, Pozharsky led the militia to the capital, standing at the Arbat Gate. On August 22, the Poles began crossing the Moscow River to the Novodevichy Convent, accumulating near it, but Pozharsky’s cavalry, with the support of the Cossacks of Prince D.T. Trubetskoy, pushed Khodkevich to Poklonnaya Hill. On August 22-24, Pozharsky forced the Poles to go on the defensive. He recaptured the provisions brought for the Polish garrison by Chodkiewicz, after which the fate of the Poles was decided; hunger forced them to surrender on October 26, 1612.