Unified State Examination Society what you need to know. Unified State Exam in Social Studies: reviewing assignments with the teacher

Useless information, a lot of water, thanks for your time

03/22/2016 22:47:59, Ashati

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Do you know that part C will give you almost half the points on the Unified State Exam in social studies? On the Unified State Exam, you will count every point, therefore, no matter how difficult the written tasks are, they must be solved. Let's try to outline the main recommendations of Unified State Exam experts on Part C?

But the most difficult thing at the Unified State Exam 2016 will not be, but your struggle with emotions, insufficient time, and your own gaps in knowledge. Preparation for the Unified State Exam is entering a decisive phase; do not forget to use ALL opportunities for the most effective and accelerated preparation and repetition of the material.

Part C of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies - structure

“What is more difficult is better,” said the great Aristotle. In relation to part C of the Unified State Exam in social studies, this is absolutely true. If each task in Part A, and some of the tasks in Part B, will only bring you 100% on the Unified State Exam, then in Part C you can count on a grade from 2 to 5 right away!

So, half of your USE result depends on completing Part C! Meanwhile, even the simplest of the tasks in Part C - C1, C2 - cause difficulties for graduates. But their meaning is a simple contextual search in a social science text. That is, you just need to correctly select the desired author’s idea from the text.

Part C consists of 9 tasks, which are divided into 4 large blocks.

• C1-C4 - work with social science text, search for information presented in explicit and implicit form, your own commentary on the author’s judgments based on knowledge of courses and social practice.
• C5, C8 - tasks of a theoretical nature, where there is practically no need to use examples from the surrounding reality, and the emphasis is on the ability to present the knowledge of a social studies course in a structured manner.
• C6-C7 - tasks on applying theoretical knowledge in practice, solving problems and giving examples.

We have already dedicated our posts separately to tasks, and a separate section to writing essays in social studies, which our group’s subscribers enjoy using

The published FIPI “METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ASSESSING COMPLETION OF USE TASKS WITH DETAILED ANSWER” will help us. We will devote another separate post to the analysis of essay C9 using FIPI recommendations, and today we will discuss the remaining 8 tasks.

Analysis of part C of the Unified State Exam in social studies 2013

A few words about the methodology of working with social science text:

1. Read the entire text, highlight its main problem (what is it about?). In this case it is ensuring the constitutional right of a citizen of the Russian Federation to judicial protection.

2. We work with the text in the KIM (assignment form). As a rule, C1 and C2 can be completely excerpted from the text, sometimes with minor revision. Like this, for example:

3. That is, without wasting time on rewriting the answer into a draft (remember that working with part C requires a lot of time), we prepare ready-made answers for ourselves to rewrite into a clean draft.

So, here are the answers of a graduate seriously preparing for the Unified State Exam in social studies:

C1.1) Speech The text talks about the constitutional right to judicial protection.
2) The main condition for the implementation of this right is the opportunity for every citizen to find out how, where and on what issue to turn. Ensuring information accessibility of the court.

Maximum per task - 2 points.

C2.1) According to the author, the problem with the complaints procedure is a number of rules that objectively limit access to justice.
2) The restriction is that we will accept complaints only on arbitrarily designated “complaint acceptance” days.
3) Complaints can be filed only after personal consultation with a judge or only after checking documents not provided for by law.
4) Only federal laws can introduce restrictions of this kind.

And again the maximum for the task is - 2 points. But, there are some notes on the design. The problem and its two manifestations are identified. But the last part of the question is not clearly highlighted. Better:

— The role of federal laws in solving the problem of the complaint procedure is that only they can introduce restrictions of this kind.

One more note. Each USE expert checks more than a dozen papers. Naturally, the eye gets blurry, so I recommend clearly writing out the answer to the task, repeating its conditions, especially if several questions are asked for one task.

C3. Conditions for unimpeded access to courts by persons with disabilities include:
1) Providing assistance in moving from home to courts (special social services providing a vehicle (social service car with driver or taxi))
2) Installation of convenient ramps at the entrance to court buildings
3) Convenient elevators and doorways inside court buildings
4) Sound equipment for the blind in court buildings, vehicles, pedestrian crossings.
5) Equipping the metro with convenient ramps and elevators
6) Equipping ground transport with convenient entry into wheelchairs, sound equipment for the blind.

C4. Information accessibility of the court and openness of court hearings guarantees respect for the rights of citizens since: 1) The verdict and decision of the court are publicly announced. This provides an opportunity for public discussion, media coverage, filing complaints if necessary on the part of citizens, or other expressions of dissatisfaction (meetings, rallies).
2) The openness of the meeting guarantees the equality of everyone before the law and the court
3) Elimination of the possibility of falsification and distortion of the court case during the trial.
4) Elimination of biased attitude on the part of the judge, prosecutor or lawyer towards the defendant, plaintiff or witnesses.

Let's note the exhaustive and brilliant answers. Understanding of the text, knowledge of legal theory, and understanding of social reality are demonstrated. This, in contrast to tasks C1-C2 (basic level), tasks of an advanced level, each correctly completed task is scored 3 points.

For the correct C3 and C4 maximum 6 points. Total for text C1-C4 maximum 10 points.

C5.Social progress is the process of development of society from simpler to more complex, from lower to higher.

1) Society is a dynamic self-developing system, which inevitably leads to social progress
2) The idea of ​​social progress arose by analogy with the development of nature
3) Social progress is contradictory, since improvement in one area can lead to deterioration or complete extinction of another area. progress for one segment of the population may be negative for another.
4) The criteria for social progress are the development of science, technology, the sophistication of culture, law, education, medicine, etc.

Let us immediately note that in this format this year, it is specified in terms of two complementary proposals. But there are very big doubts about this answer C5; with the current (extremely specific) form of asking questions on complementary sentences, a maximum of 1 point would be received for a correct definition. Suggestions would be here didn't count, since it would be unclear what is being specified at all.

And yet, they ask you to make two sentences, and the answer is 4. Here exactly 2 are required!

And in Part C of the Unified State Exam there are no abbreviations, especially etc. NOT ALLOWED!

Let's say 1 point for the task.

Here is the graduate's response:

C6. Ways to combat unemployment:
1) Organization of public works (landscaping and improvement of parks, squares, playgrounds)
2) Lending and subsidizing small businesses so that people show their entrepreneurial abilities, create work for themselves and additional jobs. (issuance of loans by banks to open a business at a lower interest rate)
3) Creation of schools and courses for retraining workers (creation of accounting courses, courses in scripting languages, etc.)

1. At the request of the local employment service, the department of housing and communal services of the town of M. allocated an additional 2 places for employing unemployed citizens to work as a street landscaper.

Here is what the FIPI methodological recommendations on this matter look like:

Therefore, for this answer the expert will give 0 points.

Alumni response:

C7. This is a social phenomenon - Socialization of the individual.
1) The primary socialization of a child is most influenced by parents (mother, father, grandmother, grandfather). In the secondary - school, university, teachers, professors.
2) People who are in authority with a particular person also influence the socialization of the individual.
3) Example: The child remembers how family members communicate with each other and does things by analogy with them.
The student accepts the opinion of a professor he respects on a particular topic.

In general, the task itself implies that you must know at a high level what an agent of socialization is and what an institution of socialization is. These are the subjects. In this answer, all the arguments are put “in a heap”... Honestly, experts would argue further in this situation, but you would get at least 1 point for the example. Two subjects ask, write:
1. Parents.
6. Functions of the state

b) Protection of the territory of the state
c) Representation of the state in the international arena (political, economic)
etc.

In the variant, there really was a voluminous question for the plan. The logic behind constructing the graduate's answer is correctly understood, but there are some inaccuracies at the end.

Very confusing again etc. at the end of the plan. Moreover, at the beginning of this point a) Economic and social problems … What is this? this is not a function. These are problems. The point would definitely be taken off, since this item is in the plan task.

2 points for answer.

How to solve part C of the Unified State Exam in social studies?

A few summaries from the disassembled version. We checked it without an essay, we will immediately take this into account when calculating points (- 5 points, this is the maximum for C9).

Out of the maximum possible 22 points, 15 points were scored. That's quite a lot. If you combine this with 17 points for Part A and 11 for Part B, you get (that's almost 67 points). That is, the graduate claims a high level of Unified State Examination scores. I recommend that you continue this work in our group.

How to properly prepare for social studies:

1. Constant practice is required.
   • Pay special attention to the Unified State Exam in Social Studies 2019. The demo version from FIPI will help you understand the structure of the ticket and understand the requirements. will guide you on what topics you need to study.
   • Prepared for the solution 10 training options with answers. They were developed by teachers based on a demo version.
   • The more tests are solved, the higher the preparedness will be, as the memorization mechanism is triggered. Don't be lazy to work on your mistakes. Solve online tests every week until you make mistakes. Registered users on the site can track statistics of solved tests.
2. Manage your time correctly to solve practice tests to get the maximum number of points.
   • Tasks 1-3 and 10 are solved in 1-4 minutes;
   • Tasks 4-9 and 11-28 are given from 2 to 8 minutes;
   • Tasks 29 - 45 minutes.
3. Work with text

   To complete standard tasks 21-24, skills in working with text information are important. When training to solve Unified State Exam tests in social studies online, pay attention to tasks that require not just extracting and reproducing the essence from the information sheet, but also interpretation, your own understanding of what was said or written, and the use of social science knowledge in the formulation.

   Task No. 29 (essay) includes 5 alternative tasks focused on writing an essay on one of 5 topics. Topics represent statements by famous public figures, as well as representatives of politics, science and culture. The task is traditionally considered the most difficult in CMMs.

   Helpful hint: To write a high-quality essay, you must be able to reveal the meaning of a judgment (statements, quotes), draw on the studied provisions of the social sciences, draw your own conclusions and elaborate with vivid examples.

Converting points to grades

• 0-41 points - “unsatisfactory”;
• 42-54 points - “three”;
• 55-66 points – “good”;
• 67 points and above - “excellent”.

The minimum is 42, and the maximum is 100.

The Unified State Exam test in social studies consists of:

• Part 1– of 20 problems, with a short answer in the form of a word, several words or numbers. Half of the tasks are at the basic level, the other half are at the advanced level. The first part is worth 35 primary points.
• Part 2– of 9 problems, with a detailed answer. Tasks 21 and 22 are basic, and from 23 to 29 are of increased complexity and are worth 30 points. Look with a detailed answer in social studies.

Remember!

• In 2019, the social studies exam will take 235 minutes (3 hours 55 minutes).
• It is forbidden to take with you foreign objects (cheat sheets, smartphones, headphones, smart watches, etc.).
• On the last day before the exam, review the material covered and review the solved options again.

In addition to the main disciplines, schoolchildren can take additional ones, which they choose independently, and the results of which will be necessary for them for further admission. Social studies is one of these subjects.

In 2018, the social studies exam will not change structurally; the block with the test part will still be excluded.

The number of retake attempts has been increased to 3. This option is suitable for those students who have not achieved the passing number of points or are not satisfied with the exam results. This change is due to the need to create a more acceptable psychological atmosphere.

An important change in the project will be that now schoolchildren will speak more during the exam rather than write. A similar innovation will affect the humanities, in particular social studies. Time to take social studies test will be 235 minutes.

Very important changes await students regarding violations during the Unified State Examination. If the examinee is found to have things that are not allowed in the exam, then he gets the opportunity to retake it only the next year.

As for violations by teachers, a fine of from 20 to 40 thousand rubles.

In general, social studies is a fairly popular subject among graduates, since it is what is required in a number of prestigious universities.

Structure of Unified State Exam 2019 tasks in social studies

Structure of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies 2019 will be presented in two types of thematic tasks. The types differ in complexity and type of answers. A general description of the task structure is given below:

1. The first category includes questions that require one-word answers.
2. The second includes questions that require a detailed answer.
3. The last task is an essay on one of the proposed topics.

Essay in the Unified State Exam in Social Studies 2019

The most difficult task in the Unified State Exam in social studies is considered to be an essay. For correctly completing this task, the student can receive from three to five points. The most important thing when completing this task is to correctly structure the content of the text, and also try to avoid typical mistakes.

When writing this task, it is important to reveal the meaning of the selected statement. If the meaning is not revealed or is revealed incorrectly, then the answer is already assessed at zero points.

It is very important to provide the right arguments to support your arguments. If the student supported his arguments with actual examples, then he will definitely receive a good score for completing the task.

In order to cope with such a task, you need to remember essay plan:

1. The selected quote is provided.
2. The problem voiced by the author is determined and its relevance is justified.
3. The meaning of the quote is revealed.
4. Voice your own point of view.
5. Arguments of a theoretical nature are presented.
6. Theoretical arguments are supported by practical examples.
7. A conclusion is drawn up.

If you strictly adhere to such a plan, then all the requirements for writing an essay will be met and the grade for the essay will be high.

Categories of those taking the Unified State Exam in social studies

Some citizens cannot take the Unified State Exam. This is stipulated by Rosobrnadzor. The following persons are allowed to take the test:

1. Those who took the Unified State Exam in previous years, however, did not receive the required result.
2. Students who want to improve their results.
3. Schoolchildren who failed the test or earned a negative grade in a number of disciplines.

How to become a participant in the Unified State Exam 2019?

To get to the Unified State Exam, you will need to make an application at the place where the test is organized. The application contains a list of disciplines in which the exam will be held. Such documents can be submitted to the school reception office, to the municipal authority of the education where the Unified State Exam will be held, to the admissions committees of universities.

The deadline for submitting an application for children who want to pass the Unified State Examination ahead of schedule is: until February 1, and for those students who want to take the exam later – until December 1.

Early completion of the Unified State Examination in social studies in 2019

In social studies, it is necessary for those students who cannot pass the test in a timely manner. There are various reasons, ranging from conscription into the army, the Olympics and even ordinary relocation.

In such a situation, the exam is taken ahead of schedule and the undoubted advantage is that the student will not miss the established deadlines, will be able to pass the Unified State Exam and then submit documents to the university. There are also disadvantages to the early Unified State Examination. It is very difficult to prepare for the exam without interrupting your studies. Naturally, hasty preparation will not bring good results.

Additional information about the Unified State Exam 2019

You are allowed to bring a gel or capillary black pen and a passport to the Unified State Examination in Social Studies. The order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation outlines a list of subjects and aids that are allowed to be used on the Unified State Exam. In social studies, it is not allowed to use reference books, manuals, and collections.

According to this order, you cannot bring cell phones, tablets, or other electronic computing devices to social studies. It is prohibited to use methodological and reference aids that are not permitted during the exam.

If a student brings something similar to the Unified State Exam or commits actions that can be qualified as an attempt to cheat, he will be removed from the exam and a note about this will be made on the Unified State Exam answer form. A student will only be allowed to retake in a year.

The passing grade in social studies in 2017 was 42 points, there are no plans to change it in 2018. A point conversion scale is used for calculation.

If the exam rules are violated by the organizers, for example, less time is provided, then the examinee has the right to file an appeal. A complaint for this reason must be filed on the same day, after leaving the classroom.

Also, a similar right arises when the examinee does not agree with the total amount of points he earned. In such cases, the protest is filed within two working days from the moment of familiarization with the results of the Unified State Exam. You can also challenge the results if a technical failure occurred during the Unified State Examination examination.

If there were no violations on the part of the applicant, the organizers give the student the opportunity to retake the exam. If there were any violations, the student will be denied the complaint.

After the results are calculated and verified, the graduate receives a certificate of the established form, which indicates the results in all subjects, with the exception of those for which a sufficient number of points were not scored.

This certificate is required when submitting documents to universities and is valid for 4 years.

How to prepare for the 2019 Unified State Exam in social studies

To pass the Unified State Exam well, of course, you need to prepare. The preparation specification may vary. You can take online practice tests on the subject. It will also help a lot in preparation. demo version of the FIPI Unified State Exam in social studies 2019. And some will use regular textbooks.

Such benefits include the following:

If a student uses online tests to prepare for the Unified State Exam in social studies, then he can easily pass them using a computer and the Internet. The advantage of such preparation is that there is no need to attend any additional classes or lectures, just go to the official website and take the exam online. This type of preparation also has disadvantages; the student will not know the theory, but only single answers, which is unlikely to allow him to write an essay.

You can also use a service such as demo version of the Unified State Exam in social studies 2019. These are materials from previous exams posted on the FIPI website.

A very good way to prepare is to use demonstration materials. KIM Codifier Based on such materials, the same one was used that was used to compile the main tasks for the Unified State Exam. The use of such materials will help students become familiar with the procedure for passing the Unified State Exam, the basic rules, and also form a list of topics that need additional preparation.

It is very important for both children and their parents to remember that there is no need to be afraid of taking the Unified State Exam. To avoid unnecessary psychological stress and trauma, the teenager himself needs to correctly set goals and maintain a healthy diet and sleep, and parents try to create that comfortable microclimate that a teenager needs so much in a stressful situation, which, in essence, is the Unified State Exam.

Statistics for passing the Unified State Exam in social studies for past years

The share of participants who did not receive the minimum score in 2018 decreased by 3.8% compared to the previous year and amounted to 13.8%. The number of students who received the maximum score is up to 142, in 2016 there were only 59.

Exam Schedule

The early stage of passing the Unified State Exam in social studies in 2019 is being specified.

The main stage of passing the Unified State Exam in social studies in 2019 is being specified.

Preview:

5. Culture and spiritual sphere.

I. Culture (from Latin - “culture” - “cultivation, education”)

Traits of culture : functionality, quality, value, normativity, creativity (creativity).

In a broad sense, culture– all types of transformative activity of man and society, as well as its results.

In a general sense, culture– the totality of people’s achievements in the material and spiritual spheres.

Material culture– created in the process of material production (buildings, equipment, tools).

Spiritual culture –includes the process of spiritual creativity and created spiritual values ​​in the form of works of art, scientific discoveries, and religion.

Culture structure:

form – embodiment of cultural achievements content – significance for the individual and society.

Functions of culture:cognitive, informative, communicative, normative, humanistic.

Types of crops: dominant (dominant), elite (for the elite), mass (for the majority, commercial, through the media), folk (based on traditions, folklore, anonymous), donor (from which elements are borrowed), receptive (which borrows elements from another culture), dead (contents are outdated).

Subculture – culture of social groups.

Counterculture - a subculture that is hostile to the dominant one.

Terms:

Accumulation of culture – replenishment of culture with new elements and knowledge.

Cultural transmission– transmission of culture through education.

Cultural diffusion– mutual penetration of cultures.

Acculturation of culture– the process of mutual influence of two or more cultures.

Assimilation of culture– absorption of a small culture by a larger one.

Adaptation of culture- adaptation of cultures to each other.

II. Spiritual sphere.

Structure of the spiritual sphere:

1. Spiritual needs– the need of society and people to create and master spiritual values. Spiritual needs are not given biologically, from birth. They are formed in the process of socialization.

2. Spiritual activity (production)– the activities of people to create spiritual values.

Types of spiritual activities:

1. Cognitive - scientific, religious, artistic

2. Value-oriented - attitude to the phenomena of reality

3. Prognostic - anticipation and planning of changes in reality

3. Spiritual values ​​(benefits) –what is created in the process of spiritual production:works of art, teachings, scientific discoveries, etc.

Types of spiritual production: religion, morality, art, science.

Religion.

Religion – a form of social consciousness and worldview based on belief in the existence of a supernatural principle.

Elements: faith, doctrine, religious activity, religious institutions.

Functions : ideological, compensatory, communicative, regulatory, educational.

Religions:

World: Buddhism, Christianity, Islam (large number of followers, beyond national boundaries)

National: Confucianism (China), Taoism (China), Judaism (Israel), Shintoism (Japan), Zoroastrianism (Iran).

Atheism - denial of the existence of God

Confessional- church, denomination - religion

Morality.

Moral - a form of social consciousness that reflects ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice and the type of social relations, a set of norms of behavior of people in relation to each other.

Functions of morality: regulatory, educational, communicative, cognitive, ideological.

The fulfillment of moral norms is sanctioned by the norms of spiritual influence (evaluation, approval, condemnation).

Art.

Art - a form of social consciousness and a type of human activity that is a reflection of the surrounding realityin artistic images.

Art is the core of aesthetic culture.

Theories of the origin of art: gaming (G. Spencer), labor (G. Plekhanov), biologization(C. Darwin), magical.

Functions of art:aesthetic, cognitive, creative, cleansing, communicative, educational, compensatory, hedonistic (pleasure function).

Kinds of art : literature, architecture, music, cinema, theater, painting, graphics, arts and crafts, dance, sculpture, photography.

Features of art:is figurative, visual; the presence of specific methods of reproduction, the huge role of imagination and fantasy.

The science.

The science - the sphere of cognitive activity of people, a system of objectively true knowledge about natural and social reality, about man.

Elements of Science : scientific knowledge, scientific activity, scientific self-awareness.

Models of science development:

1. Gradual development

2. Through scientific revolutions.Scientific revolution –the process of a radical, qualitative change in the dominant system of ideas and theories (paradigm), which serves as a standard of thinking in a specific historical period.

Functions of science : cognitive, ideological, prognostic.

Functions of modern science: productive, social, cultural and ideological.

Classification of sciences:

Natural technical public (humanitarian)

Education.

Education - purposeful cognitive activity to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities and improve them.

Self-education– the process of acquiring knowledge independently.

Functions of education: economic, social, cultural, preservation and transfer of cultural heritage.

Education in the Russian Federation:

preschool general professional additional

Features of modern education:integration of areas of knowledge, development of lifelong education, informatization (computerization), development of distance education (via the Internet), humanization (attention to the individual), humanitarization (increasing attention to social sciences, internationalization (creation of a unified system for different countries).

Preview:

1. Society.

Social Sciences: economics, philosophy, sociology, political science, ethics (about morality), aesthetics (about beauty).

Society:

In a narrow sense: A group of people connected by common interests and goals.

In a broad sense: A part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, including all ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification.

Society and nature interact and influence each other. Economic interaction – consumption of natural resources, environmental – protection of natural resources.

Noosphere (V. Vernadsky ) – habitat (biosphere) controlled by the human mind.

Society - dynamic system.

Systemic qualities of society:integrity, dynamism, historicity, openness, hierarchy.

There are 4 spheres (subsystems) in the structure of society:

1. Economic - material production and industrial relations.

2. Political - politics, state, law, their relationships and functioning, media, army.

3. Social – relations between classes, groups, nations, etc.

4. Spiritual – forms of social consciousness: religion, morality, science, art.

The spheres interact and are interconnected.

Public relations– relationships and forms that arise in the process of life between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them.

Public relations

Spiritual Material

The most important component of society issocial institution –a historically established form of organization of people, based on a set of norms and statuses, regulating their activities and satisfying fundamental human needs.

Social institutions: property, state, political parties, family, church, labor organizations, educational institutions, science, media, etc.

Types of societies (according to Daniel Bell, Alvin Toffler)

Types of societies (according to O. Toffler)

Social change– transition of social systems, communities, organizations from one state to another (natural, demographic, social, spiritual changes, etc.).

Directed development

progress stagnation regression

Progress criterion – the degree of freedom that society gives a person for its optimal development. Progress is inconsistent (both positive and negative processes)

Forms of progress:revolution and reform. Evolution – gradual development.

Scientific and technological progress (NTP) -qualitative change in the productive forces of society under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution.

Scientific and technological revolution (STR)– a leap in the development of the productive forces of society based on fundamental changes in the system of scientific knowledge.

Historical process– chronological sequence of events that influence the development of society.Subjects of the historical process: individuals, social groups, masses.Historical fact- an event in public life.

Civilization – the totality of material, spiritual and moral means that a given society has in a given historical period.

The term was put forward by N. Danilevsky, called civilizationscultural and historical types.He distinguished civilizations according to 4 characteristics: economic, cultural, political, religious. To characterize civilizations, the concept of mentality is also distinguished.

Mentality - a way of thinking, worldview inherent in a certain group or individual

Two theories: the theory of stage development (study development as a single process) and the theory of local civilizations(study large historically established communities).

Approaches to studying the historical process:

Global problems of our time –a complex of social and natural contradictions affecting the whole world as a whole. I are an indicator of the integrity and interconnection of the modern world, pose a threat to humanity, and require joint efforts to be resolved.

Main problems:

1. Environmental: pollution, species extinction, “ozone holes”, etc.

The term "Ecology" was introduced E. Haeckel.

2. Demographic;

3. The problem of security and prevention of world war;

4. Problem of resources;

5. The North-South problem: developing and highly developed countries.

Globalization – strengthening integration ties in various spheres between states, organizations, and communities.

International organizations:UN (United Nations); IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency); UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization); WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization); WTO (World Trade Organization); NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization); OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe); European Union; OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Producing and Exporting Countries); CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States); SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) and others.

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3. Cognition.

Cognition – a process aimed at obtaining knowledge.

Knowledge – objective reality given in the human mind. Knowledge is the result of cognitive activity.

Subject of knowledge- the one who knows. Object of knowledge - what knowledge is aimed at.

Epistemology – the science of knowledge.

Gnosticism (Gnostics)– they believe that the world is knowable (Plato, Socrates, K. Marx, G. Hegel).

Agnosticism (agnostics)– the world is knowable within limited limits or unknowable (I. Kant).

Types of cognition: sensory and rational.

Forms of sensory knowledge:

Feeling – reflection of individual properties and qualities of objects and phenomena that arise when exposed to the senses.

Perception - a holistic sensory image of an object, phenomenon.

Performance - a sensory image of an object or phenomenon that arises with the help of memory without direct contact with the object.

Forms of rational knowledge:

Concept – a form of thinking in which the general and essential properties of an object are recorded.

Judgment - a form of thinking in which something is affirmed or denied.

Conclusion –a form of thinking in which new judgments are derived from existing ones.

Two theories on types of cognition:

1. Empiricism (empiricists)– recognize sensory experience as a source of knowledge (T. Hobbes, D. Locke).

2. Rationalism (rationalists)– knowledge can be obtained with the help of reason (R. Descartes, I. Kant)

Intuition - a unique type of cognition outside the process of sensory acquaintance and without thinking.

Traits: suddenness, thoughtlessness, hidden mechanism.

The purpose of knowledge is to obtain the truth.

Truth – knowledge corresponding to reflected reality.Truth is objective in content and subjective in form.

Absolute truth- complete, exhaustive knowledge, not refuted by the further development of science.

Relative truth- incomplete, inaccurate knowledge, refuted by the further development of science.

Criterion of truth – a way of distinguishing between true and untrue in the body of knowledge.

The main criterion of truth is practice.

The opposites of truth are lies, disinformation, and delusion.

Lie – deliberate raising of obviously incorrect ideas into the truth.

Disinformation - transmission false knowledge as true or true as false.

Misconception - unintentional inconsistency of judgments or concepts with the object.

Types of knowledge.

I.Non-scientific knowledge:

Ordinary (everyday)

Practical (folk wisdom)

Religious

Mythological

Artistic (through the means of art).

II. Scientific knowledge –cognition aimed at obtaining objective knowledge. Target – description, explanation, prediction of reality phenomena. Signs: objectivity, consistency, validity, reliability, special language, the need for special devices and specialists.

2 levels of scientific knowledge: empirical and theoretical.

Empirical level:

Observation - purposeful perception of phenomena of objective reality.

Description - recording information about an object using natural or artificial language.

Measurement - comparison of an object based on any similar properties or aspects.

Experiment - observation under specially created and controlled conditions, which makes it possible to restore the course of the phenomenon when the conditions are repeated.

Theoretical level:

Hypothesis – assumptions made during scientific research.

Theory – a system of interconnected statements.

Law – conclusions about significant, recurring connections between phenomena.

Scientific methods:

1. General: dialectics (dialectical studies phenomena in motion) and metaphysics (metaphysical studies phenomena at rest).

2. General scientific: Analysis is the real or mental division of an object into its component parts. Synthesis is the combination of component parts into a single whole. Induction - the movement of thought from the individual to the general. Deduction is the ascent of the process of cognition from the general to the individual. Analogy (correspondence, similarity) - establishing similarities in certain aspects, properties and relationships between non-identical objects.

3. Private scientific: questionnaire, examination, interviewing, graphic method.

III. Social Cognition –cognition aimed at studying the nature of social connections, social groups, social structure of society.

Peculiarity - the subject and object of knowledge coincide, the knowledge obtained is always related to the interests of individuals, the subjectivity of conclusions and assessments.

Target: identification of historical patterns of social development, social forecasting.

Methods: content analysis (analysis of statistical data, documents), survey, observation, experiment.

IV.Self-knowledge – self-knowledge, self-esteem, creation of the “I-concept” - the image of the Self.

Feature – the object is the subject itself.

Goal: knowledge of your physical, mental, spiritual capabilities, your place among other people.

Self-knowledge is accomplished:

1. In analyzing the results of one’s own activities, one’s behavior, and relationships with others.

2. Awareness of the attitude of others towards oneself (the qualities of one’s personality, character traits), through the opinions of others

people and relating oneself to others.

3. Self-observation of your states, experiences, thoughts.

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2. Man.

Origin theories:religious, evolutionary(C. Darwin), Marxist (labor made man)

Biosocial problem– the problem of the relationship between the biological and the social in man.

At the moment of birth, a person is an individual. A person becomes a person through the process of socialization.

Socialization - the process of a person’s assimilation of social experience and forms of behavior acceptable for a given society.

Primary socialization: agents (relatives, teachers) and institutions of socialization (family, school).

Secondary socialization: agents (colleagues, teachers, officials) and institutions (universities, army, church).

Desocialization –the process of moving away from old values, norms, rules, roles.

Resocialization – the process of learning new values, norms, rules, roles.

Freedom of the individual- the ability to create oneself and the world of other people, make choices, be responsible. “Freedom is a recognized necessity” - G. Hegel.

Interpersonal relationships -relationships between different individuals for different reasons.

Interpersonal relationships

Worldview of the individual– a set of principles, views, beliefs and attitudes towards objective reality and man’s place in it.

Worldview:

everyday, religious, mythological, scientific, philosophical, humanistic.

Activity - human activity aimed at changing and transforming the world around us and ourselves. Subject - the one who carries out the activity. An object - what the activity is aimed at.

Activity structure:

Motive - goal - means - action - result.

Motive – a material or ideal object that encourages action.

Target – a conscious image of the expected result.

Activities:

1. By content: work, play, communication, study.

Work - a type of human activity aimed at achieving a practically useful result.

Communication- the process of interaction between people, consisting of perception and understanding and the exchange of information (communication)

2. By direction: spiritual, practical, creative, managerial.

Creation - activity that generates something new that has never existed before.

Heuristic - a science that studies creative activity.

Human needs- an experienced or perceived need for something.

Needs:

biological, social, ideal.

Needs according to A. Maslow.

1. Physiological, 2. Existential, 3. Social, 4. Prestigious, 5. Spiritual

Primary, congenital Secondary, acquired

The needs of each level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.

Interest - a conscious need that characterizes people’s attitude towards objects and phenomena that have important social development for them. Interests are incentives for various types of activities.

Capabilities – individual characteristics of a person, on which the success of various types of activities depends.

Abilities have a biological basis.

Talent - a set of abilities that allows you to obtain a product of activity that is distinguished by novelty and significance.

Genius – the highest level of talent development, allowing for fundamental shifts in a particular field of activity.

Genius is a cultural phenomenon of human nature.

"Conscious" and "Unconscious"- these are correlative concepts that express the peculiarities of the work of the human psyche. A person thinks about situations and makes decisions. Such actions are called conscious . However, often a person acts thoughtlessly, and sometimes he himself cannot understand why he did this.Unconsciousactions presuppose that a person acts on an internal impulse, without any analysis of the situation, without clarifying the possible consequences. ( Z. Freud).

Being - anything existing that exists at all (being is studied by the section of philosophy ontology).

Forms of being : material existence, spiritual existence, human existence, social existence.

The spiritual world of man(microcosm) – a complex system of a person’s inner world, the elements of which are spiritual needs, thoughts, feelings, worldview, emotions, values, etc.

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4. Social sphere

Sociology – the science of patterns, formation, functioning, development of society and social relations.(O. Comte).

The structure of the social sphere includes:

I. Social connections –dependencies of social groups and people on each other (they can be formal and informal).Social connections:

1. Social contacts –unstable connections that arise for specific reasons (for example, subway passengers).

2. Social interactions– stable, regular connections based on joint activities (for example, colleagues at work).

3. Social relationships– ultra-stable, self-renewing connections that are systemic in nature (for example, friends).

II. Social groups –communities of individuals united according to some characteristic.(T. Hobbes).

Signs:

number: small groups (characterized by direct contact and informal communication), medium, large

demographic:by gender, age, education, marital status

settlement criterion:townspeople, villagers

confessional:Catholics, Orthodox, Muslims

according to ethnicity, professionally etc.

III. Social communities– groups capable of self-reproduction.

Ethnosocial communities: clan (tribe), nationality, nation.

Genus - unification of people based on consanguineous ties, tribe - unification of clans, nationalities - unification of people based on territorial and linguistic characteristics, nation – large groups of people united by economic space, language, culture, traditions, and national identity.

IV. Social institution –see chapter Society.The main social institution is the family.

Function family as a social institution: child production.The family is also a small group. Family functions: educational, socialization, leisure, creating a sense of security, economic. Family: matriarchal, patriarchal, partnership.Nuclear family– consisting of 2 generations.

V. Social culture– social norms and social values ​​on the basis of which social relations are formed.

VI. Social values- goals that people strive for in society.Core values– vital for society (health, well-being, family, etc.)

VII. Social norms– rules of social behavior.

Social norms(there are written and unwritten):

Moral norms, ethical norms, norms of traditions and customs, religious norms, political norms, legal norms.

Functions of social norms:regulating, unifying, educational.

Conformist behavior -consistent with accepted standards.

Behavior that does not correspond to social norms – deviant.

Deviant behavior:

Deviant behavior -violation that does not meet the standards.

Deviation can be positive (heroes) and negative (drug addicts, murderers)

Delinquent behavior –committing crimes.

Compliance with standards is ensured by the use of sanctions – the reaction of society to the behavior of an individual or group. Sanctions function – social control.

Sanctions:

Positive (rewarding) and negative (punishing)

Official and unofficial.

Social stratification

Social stratification (differentiation) –stratification and hierarchical organization of society.(P. Sorokin).

Differentiation criteria: income(economic), volume of power (political), education (occupation type), also distinguished prestige - society's assessment of the social significance of an individual's status. Prestige depends on the real usefulness of the activity and the value system of society.

Social layers:

Castes – strictly closed layers of traditional societies.

Estates – groups of people with different rights and responsibilities.

Classes – social groups, distinguished by the method of their participation in social production and distribution, their place in the social division of labor.

Strata – informal groups that have relatively equal social status, the criteria of which are income, access to political power, and education.

Status

Status – a position in the social structure of society, connected with other positions through a system of rights and obligations.

Personal status - the position an individual occupies in a small group

Social status– the position of the individual in a social group.

Status set – a set of statuses of one person.

Prescribed (natural) status: gender, age, nationality, kinship

Acquired (achieved) status: profession, education, position, marital status, religion.

Social role - a certain pattern of behavior recognized for people of a certain status.

Social mobility

Social mobility(P. Sorokin ) – the transition of an individual or group from one position in the hierarchy of social stratification to another.

Social mobility: horizontal -inside one layer and vertical – transition from one layer to another. Vertical mobility can bedescending and ascending.

Channels of social mobility (“social elevators”) –education, army, schools, family, property.

Marginal – an individual who has lost his previous social status, unable to adapt to a new social environment (“on the edge”).

Marginality – the intermediate position of an individual between social groups, associated with his movements in social space.

Lumpen - people who have sunk to the bottom of social life.

Social conflict.

Social conflict(G. Spencer ) - a clash of opposing interests, goals, views, ideologies between individuals, groups, classes in society.

Structure of the conflict: conflict situation - incident - active actions - completion

Types of behavior in conflict: adaptation, compromise, cooperation, ignoring, competition.Most scientists consider conflict to be a natural, progressive phenomenon.

Types of conflicts:internal, external, global, local, economic, political, family, national.

National conflictsassociated with exacerbationnational issue -about the self-determination of peoples and overcoming ethnic inequality, as well as trends in the modern world.

Two trends in the modern world:

1. International – integration, bringing nations closer together.

2. National – differentiation, desire for independence.

Social policy of the state- purposeful activities of the state to improve the social sphere of society. Directions: 1. improvement of the social structure of society, 2. regulation of relationships between different layers, 3. development of human potential (education development programs, pensions, healthcare, ecology).

Social politics: active - direct influence of the state (can be centralized and decentralized) and passive - mediated by economic factors

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8. Right

Right

1. A system of rules and norms of behavior established and protected by the state.

2. The ability to do, implement, have something (the right to work, education).

Signs of law (and norms of law):normativity, obligation, general character, formal certainty.

Theories of the origin of law: theory of natural law (T. Hobbes), liberal tradition (first law - then the state), statist tradition (first the state - then law), Marxist, sociological. Statism - a theory that states that state the highest result and goal of social development

Functions of law – regulatory, educational, protective.

Legal culture:legal knowledge, attitude to law, law enforcement activities.

Differences between law and morality:

Source (form) of law– specific types of social phenomena that shape the law and the result of law-making by the state.Sources (forms) of law:

1. Legal custom- patterns of behavior that have become rooted in society as a result of their repetition and turned into rules of behavior.

2. Judicial practice.

3. Legal (judicial) precedent- a legal decision made earlier in a specific legal case and served as an example for subsequent decisions.

4. Regulatory agreement– an agreement between the parties containing the rules of law

5. Legal act– an act of lawmaking by government bodies that establishes or repeals rules of law.

Legal act: laws and regulations.

I. Laws – regulatory legal acts adopted by the highest legislative body of the state (or referendum), establishing the most significant social relations. There areFederal Laws And Laws of the subjects of the Federation.

The laws are divided into:

1. Constitutional laws(1. Constitution, 2. Laws amending the Constitution.

3. Laws provided for by the Constitution).

2. Ordinary laws– regulatory legal acts of current legislation. They are current (valid for a certain period) andcodified(codes of laws - codes).

II. Regulations– regulatory legal acts specifying the provisions of laws. – decrees, resolutions, decrees.

Legal system (family) - unification of states based on legal regulation.

1. Romano-Germanic– the main source is the legal act. (Russia).

2. Anglo-Saxon– main source – legal precedent

3. Muslim – the main source is legal custom.

The right is shared for private law -serves private interests (family, civil) andpublic law(constitutional, criminal).

Realization of the right – implementation of law.Forms of exercising the right:

1. Use of the right –use of rights

2. Execution of rights– fulfillment of duties

3. Respect for the law- not a violation of the law

4. Application of law– carried out with the help of officials.

Legal system – a set of interconnected norms, institutions and branches of law.

System elements -1. Legal norm(rule of law) – a unit of the system.2. Institute of Law– a small group of rights regulating one type of relationship. (For example, the institution of gift in civil law, the institution of marriage in family law). 3. Branch of law – a set of homogeneous legal norms.

Rule of law - the basic element of the legal system, a rule of conduct established and protected by the state.

Structure of the rule of law:

1. Hypothesis - part of the norm indicating the conditions for the emergence of rights and obligations.

2. Disposition – part of the norm indicating the content of the norm

3. Sanction – part of a norm indicating the legal consequences of a violation.

Types of law

1. By function: regulatory (establish rights and obligations) and protective (measures against violators)

2. By industry:family, civil, etc.

3. According to content:1. binding norms(What do we have to do)2. prohibiting norms(what not to do)3. enabling norms(what can be done).

Branches of law.

1. Constitutional (state) law –regulates socially significant social relations and the structure of the state.

2. Family law– regulates issues of marriage and family relations, kinship.

3. Civil law– regulates property and related non-property relations.

4. Administrative law– regulates public relations in the field of management, associated with the activities of the executive branch.

5. Labor law– regulates the relationship between employee and employer

6. Criminal law– regulates relations related to the commission of criminal acts.

Legal relations– types of social relations regulated by law.

To become participants in legal relations, legal entities and individuals (subjects of public relations) must have legal capacity and capacity.

Legal capacity –the ability of subjects of legal relations to have legal rights and bear responsibilities. It begins at birth and ends with death.

Capacity– the ability of subjects of legal relations to independently realize rights and obligations.1. Full– from 18 years old.2. Partial– (in criminal from 16 years, for some crimes from 14 years, in family from 16 years, in civil - from 14 years, in administrative - from 16 years)3. Limited- according to the court.

Legal fact– living conditions in connection with which legal relations arise.

Legal facts– 1. Law-formers. 2. Law-altering. 3. Legally terminating.

Legal facts:1. Events(do not depend on the will of people), 2. Actions(depend on the will of people).

Actionsthere arelegitimateAndillegal(offences).

Offenses- acts contrary to the requirements of legal norms are expressed asaction, soinaction.

Offensesare divided intomisconductAndcrimes.

Misdemeanors (torts) and legal liability.

1. Administrative(in the field of state and local regulation) –administrative responsibility (warning, fine, deprivation of rights, confiscation of an item, correctional work, administrative arrest)

2 . Disciplinary(in the field of official relations) –disciplinary liability(remark, reprimand, dismissal),material liability(compensation for damage)

3. Civil(in the field of property and non-property relations) – civil liability.

Crimes– socially dangerous illegal acts that cause special harm or threat. Comingcriminal liability.

Signs of an offense:guilt, illegality, social danger.

Legal structure of the offense:

1.Object of the offense –what the action is aimed at.2. Subject of the offense –who committed

3. The objective side of the offense– a characteristic that includes signs of illegality, social danger, and socially dangerous consequences.

4. The subjective side of the offense- internal characteristics of the offense (motive and purpose).

5. Motive for the offense- conscious inducement to commit an act.

6. Purpose of the offense- the mental result that the subject strived for.

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What does social studies study?

The object of study of social science issociety.Society is a very complex system that is subject to various laws. Naturally, there is no one science that could cover all aspects of society, so several sciences study it. Each science studies one aspect of the development of society: economics, social relations, development paths, and others.

Social science -a general name for sciences that study society as a whole and social processes.

Every science hasobject and subject.

Object of science -a phenomenon of objective reality that science studies.

Subject of science -A person, a group of people cognizing an object.

Sciences are divided into three groups.

Science:

Society is studied by social sciences (humanities).

The main difference between social sciences and humanities:

Social (humanitarian) sciences that study society and man:

archaeology, economics, history, cultural studies, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology, law, ethnography, philosophy, ethics, aesthetics.

Archeology- a science that studies the past from material sources.

Economy– the science of the economic activities of society.

Story- the science of the past of humanity.

Cultural studies- a science that studies the culture of society.

Linguistics- the science of language.

Political science- the science of politics, society, the relationship between people, society and the state.

Psychology– the science of the development and functioning of the human psyche.

Sociology- the science of the laws of formation and development of social systems, groups, individuals.

Right –a set of laws and rules of behavior in society.

Ethnography- a science that studies the life and culture of peoples and nations.

Philosophy- the science of the universal laws of social development.

Ethics- the science of morality.

Aesthetics -the science of beauty.

Sciences study societiesin the narrow and broad senses.

Society in the narrow sense:

1. The entire population of the Earth, the totality of all peoples.

2. Historical stage of human development (feudal society, slave society).

3. Country, state (French society, Russian society).

4. Uniting people for some purpose (animal lovers club, soldiers’ society

mothers).

5. A circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests (high society).

6. Methods of interaction between the authorities and the population of the country (democratic society, totalitarian society)

Society in the broad sense -a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification. Policy: micro level, macro level (state level), mega level (between states).

Politic system– a set of elements in which political power is exercised.

The type of political system determines the political and legal regime: democratic, totalitarian, authoritarian.

Elements of the political system (spheres or subsystems):

1. Institutional:state, parties, movements (institutions)

2. Communication– a set of relations between groups regarding power

3. Regulatory– rules and regulations

4. Cultural-ideological– ideology, political culture, views, emotions.

Power– the ability to exercise one’s will and influence.

Power structure:

1. Subjects of power– state, political leaders, parties

2. Objects of power– individuals, groups, masses

3. Bases of power- legal, economic, security, social, information

4 . Power resources– coercion, persuasion, law, traditions, fear, encouragement, myths

5. Functions of power– domination, leadership, regulation, control, management, coordination, organization, mobilization.

Power is legal- legally legitimate authority,legitimate power- that which is not imposed by force is accepted by the people voluntarily.

Legitimacy or dominance of power (M. Weber)

1. Traditional dominance– due to traditions

2. Legal domination– on the recognition of legal norms

3. Charismatic dominance– relies on the authority of the leader.

Political power is divided into:state and public power.

Theories of the origin of the state:

1. Patriarchal theory - Aristotle2. Religious theory – Thomas Aquinas3. Contract theory – D. Locke, T. Hobbes4. Organic theory – G. Spencer5. Class theory – K. Marx

State- a special organization of power and management, which has a special coercive apparatus and is capable of making its orders binding for the entire country.

Signs of the state –

1. The presence of special public authority

2. Availability of a special control apparatus

3. Territorial organization

4. Taxes

5. Sovereignty of power

6. Monopoly on lawmaking.

Functions of the state – main, socially significant areas of state activity.

Functions:

1. By objecty: internal and external

2. By content: political, economic, social, cultural and educational, legal, organizational, environmental.

3. By the nature of the impact:protective (ensuring the protection of public relations) and regulatory (development of public relations).

State form– a set of basic methods of organization, structure and exercise of state power, expressing its essence.

State forms:

1. Form of government –way of organizing supreme power.

Form of government: 1. Monarchy– power is concentrated in the hands of one head and is inherited.2. Republic- power is exercised by elected bodies elected for a certain period of time.Monarchy:1 . absolute, 2. parliamentary, 3. dualistic.Republic:1. presidential, 2. parliamentary, 3. mixed.

2. Form of government – method of national and administrative-territorial structure.Forms: 1. unitary state, 2. federation, 3. confederation.

3. Political and legal regime – a set of political and legal means and methods of exercising power.Regime: 1. democratic, 2. anti-democratic (1. authoritarian, 2 totalitarian, 3. military).

Democracy – recognition of the principle of equality of all people, active participation of the people in political life.

Signs of democracy:1. recognition of the people as the source of power and sovereignty,2. presence of rights and freedoms, 3. pluralism, 4. separation of powers(legislative, executive, judicial), 5.publicity. 6. election of power, 7. developed system of local governments.

Forms of democracy: 1. direct (immediate), 2 indirect (representative).

Institutions of direct democracy: 1. elections, 2. referendum (popular vote).

Electoral system(includes electoral law, electoral process and procedure for recalling deputies) –procedure for the formation of elected bodies.

Suffrage– principles and conditions for citizen participation in elections.Suffrage: 1. active(right to vote),2. passive(the right to be elected).Signs: 1. universal, 2. equal, 3. vowel, 4. open.The results are determined using two systems: 1. majoritarian electoral system –The candidate who receives the majority of votes is considered the winner.2. proportional electoralsystem – voting according to party lists and distribution of mandates between parties is strictly proportional to the number of votes cast.Mandate– a document certifying the rights of a deputy.

Civil society(G. Hegel)– this is a non-state part of socio-political life, protected from direct government intervention, equality of rights and freedoms of all people;Signs of civil society:1. the presence in society of free owners of the means of production; 2. development and ramifications of democracy; 3. legal protection of citizens; 4. a certain level of civic culture.

Constitutional state- a state that is subject to the law in its activities.Signs of a rule of law state: 1. law supremacy, 2 . respect for rights and freedoms, 3. principle of separation of powers, 4. mutual responsibility of the state and citizens.

Political Party- an institution of the political system, a group of adherents of certain goals, uniting to fight for power.Signs of the party: 1. power struggle, 2. programwith goals and strategy, 3.charter, 4. organizational structure, 5. presence of governing bodies.

Types of parties: 1. By methods:revolutionary, reformist. 2. By nature of membership:personnel, mass.3. By ideology: conservative, liberal, social democratic, communist.4. By representation in government: ruling, opposition.5. By the nature of the actions:radical, reactionary, moderate, extremist, conservative.

Political culture (G. Almond, S. Verba) – the totality of a system of opinions, positions, values ​​dominant in a society or group.

Types of political culture:

1. Patriarchal– orientation of citizens towards local values,2. subject– passive attitude of citizens in the political system.3. political culture of participation (activist) – active participation of citizens in political life.Absenteeism– non-participation, avoidance of political life.

Political ideology– system of ideas. Types of ideologies:

1. Conservatism- maintaining order. 2.liberalism– freedom of individuality, entrepreneurship, law. 3.Socialism- a fair structure of society. 4.anarchism– elimination of the state 5.nationalism– superiority of the nation 6.extremism- violent methods.

Constitution of Russia– 1918 (first), 1925, 1937, 1978,1993 (12 December). The first in the world -1787 – US Constitution.December 10, 1948– “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, 1966 – “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights” and “International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”.1959 – "Declaration of the Rights of the Child"1989 – "Convention of the Rights of the Child".