All German prepositions are used with a specific case...To learn German prepositions with translation, their use, as well as freely applying them in practice, will take a lot of time. But it doesn’t matter, over time the prepositions will settle in your head, the main thing is to use various expressions and verbs with them more often in your speech...
In the German language there are prepositions that are used only in the Akkusativ case or German prepositions that are used only in the Dativ case. And also, in German there are prepositions that require both cases, both Akkusativ and Dativ(in this case you need to focus on the issue). Well, let's not forget about Genitiv.
P.s. Declension of articles by case is possible
And today in my article we Let's look at German prepositions with translation and examples=) Let's go!
Prepositions used ONLY in Akkusativ:
- bis (before...): Der Zug fährt bis Köln. — The train goes to Cologne.
- durch (through/through): Sie fahren durch die Türkei. — They are traveling through Turkey.
- entlang (along/during): Wir fahren die Küste entlang. We are driving along the coast.
- für (for/for something): Er braucht das Geld für seine Miete. He needs money to pay rent.
- gegen (against/in): Das Auto fuhr gegen einen Baum - The car drove into a tree.
- ohne (without): Ohne Brille kann ich nichts sehen. I can't see anything without glasses.
- um (about/around/at (-about time)): Wir sind um die Kirche (herum) gegangen. We walked around the church. Die Besprechung beginnt um 13.00 Uhr. The meeting starts at 13.00.
- wider (in spite of/against): Wider das Recht. Against the law|Against the right. Wider die Natur. Against nature
Prepositions used ONLY in Dativ:
- ab (from/s - indicates time)/starting from..): Ab nächster Woche habe ich Urlaub. I'm on vacation starting next week.
- aus (from): Ich komme aus der Türkei. I am from Turkey.
- außer (excluding/besides/outside of something): Ich habe außer einer Scheibe Brot nichts gegessen. I didn't eat anything except a slice/piece of bread.
- bei (1.indicates the location of somewhere/at someone - at/at/near. 2. indicates a state - for/during something) - (bei dem = beim): Ich wohne bei meinen Eltern . I live with my parents. | Er sieht beim Essen fern. He watches TV while/while eating.
- entgegen (in spite of): Entgehen den Erwartungen verlor der Boxer den Kampf. Contrary to expectations, the boxer lost the fight.
- gegenüber (opposite): Das Cafe befindet sich gegenüber dem Theater. The cafe is located opposite the theater.
- mit (“with”; and also indicates the means of performing the action): Ich fahre mit dem Auto. I'm driving a car. | Ich gehe mit meiner Schwester ins Kino. I'm going to the cinema with my sister.
- nach (after): Nach dem Essen gehe ich ins Bett. After eating I go to bed.
- seit (indicates a point in time - from some point, starting from..): Seit Adams Zeiten - Since the time of Adam and Eve. | Ich habe seit gestern Abend starke Kopfschmerzen. — I have a headache since last night.
- von (from - in temporal meaning; with, from - spatial meaning; indicates ownership) / (von dem - vom): Das ist der Schreibtisch vom Chef. This is my boss's desk. | Ich komme gerade vom Zahnarzt. I'm just from the doctor.
- zu (used when changing location, indicating a goal/place; k..) / (zu dem = zum|zu der = zur): Zum Glück regnet es nicht. Luckily it's not raining (it's not raining).
Prepositions used in both cases- both in Dativ and Akkusativ - are called Wechselpräpositionen. In this case, you should always ask questions:
Wo? (where? place) / Wann? (When?)= require dativ case.
Whoa? (where? direction, movement)= requires Akkusativ .
And now to these prepositions:
an (an dem = am|an das = ans) - on:
Dativ— Das Bild hängt an der Wand. (Wo? - an der Wand). The picture is hanging on the wall (Where?)
Akkusativ- Ich hänge das Bild an die Wand (wohin? - an die Wand). I hang a picture on the wall. (Where?)
auf (auf das = aufs) - on:
Dativ— Das Buch liegt auf dem Tisch. The book is on the table.
Akkusativ— Ich lege das Buch auf den Tisch. I put the book on the table.
hinter - behind, behind, from:
Dativ— Der Brief liegt hinter dem Schreibtisch. The letter lies at the table.
Akkusativ— Der Brief ist hinter den Schreibtisch gefallen. The letter fell on the table.
in (in dem = im|in das = ins) - in:
Dativ— Ich war in der Schweiz. I was in Switzerland.
Akkusativ— Ich fahre in die Schweiz. I'm going to Switzerland.
neben - nearby, near:
Dativ— Der Tisch steht neben dem Bett. The table is near the bed.
Akkusativ— Ich stelle den Tisch neben das Bett. I'll put the table next to the bed.
über - above, oh, more:
Dativ— Das Bild hängt über dem Sofa. The painting hangs above the sofa.
Akkusativ— Laura hängt das Bild über das Sofa. Laura hangs a picture above the sofa.
unter - under:
Dativ— Die Katze sitzt unter dem Stuhl. The cat is sitting under the chair.
Akkusativ— Die Katze kriecht unter den Stuhl. The cat crawled under the chair.
vor (vor dem = vorm) - before, before:
Dativ-Die Taxis stehen vorm Bahnhof. Taxis stand in front of the railway station.
Akkusativ— Die Taxis fahren direkt vor die Tür. Taxis come right to the door.
zwischen - between:
Dativ-Das Foto ist zwischen den Büchern. The photo is between the books.
Akkusativ— Hast du das Foto zwischen die Büchern gesteckt? — Did you put the photo between the books?
Prepositions with the Genitiv case:
- außerhalb (beyond/outside/outside): Außerhalb der Stadt gibt es viel Wald. There is a large forest outside the city.
- innerhalb (within/within/within/within): Bitte bezahlen Sie die Rechnung innerhalb einer Woche. Please pay your invoice within a week. Der Hund kann sich innerhalb der Wohnung befinden. The dog can be in the apartment.
- laut (in accordance with.../according to something/by/): Laut einer Studie sind nur 50% der Deutschen glücklich. According to a study, only 50% of Germans are happy.
- mithilfe (with/with assistance): Mithilfe eines Freundes gelang ihm die Flucht. Thanks to the help of friends, he managed to escape.
- statt (instead of smth.): Statt eines Blumenstrausses verschenkte er ein altes Buch. Instead of a bouquet of flowers, he gave an old book.
- trotz (despite/despite): Trotz einer schlechten Leistung bestand er die Prüfung. Despite his poor performance, he passed the exam.
- während (during something/during something/in the process): Während seines Studiums lernte er Englisch. During his studies at the institute, he learned English.
- wegen (due to/as a result of smth.): Wegen eines Unglücks hatte der Zug Verspätung. The train was late due to an accident.
IMPORTANT : with personal pronouns pretext wegen will be used with case Dativ: Wegen dir|mir (+Dativ) — Wegen dir habe ich drei Kilo zugenommen. Because of you, I gained 3 kg.
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01/17/2014 FRIDAY 00:00
GRAMMAR
The German language has cases that connect words in a sentence and express the relationship between these words.
Exists 4 cases, namely: Nominative- Nominative case - wer? Who? was? What? , Genitiv- Genitive case - wessen? Whose? Whose? Whose?, Dativ- Dative case - wem? to whom? wann? When? and wo? Where? And Akkusativ- Accusative case - wen? whom? was? What? who? Where?
To determine in which case a particular word or construction is found, you need to pose a question to this very word or construction, for example: His daughter will come tomorrow. - Who will he come tomorrow? =Seine Tochter kommt morgen. - Wer kommt morgen?
Let's look at each of the cases separately.
Nominative
The nominative case answers the questions Wer? Who? and Was? What?.
Seine Tochter kommt morgen. - Wer kommt morgen?
His daughter will come tomorrow. - Who will he come tomorrow?
Die Blume liegt auf dem Tisch. - Was liegt auf dem Tisch?
Flower lies on the table. - What is it on the table?
Nominative singular is the initial form of the word for nominal parts of speech and it is this initial form that we find in dictionaries.
Genitive
The genitive case answers the question Wessen? Whose? Whose? Whose?.
Pay attention to the translation of this interrogative word into Russian: in German there will be the same question for all three genders, but when translating the question into Russian, the ending of the Russian question changes, depending on what kind of noun this question is posed to :
Dort steht der Tisch meines Vaters. - Wessen Tisch steht dort?
It stands there my father's desk. - Whose table standing there?
Das ist die Waschmaschine meiner Mutter.- Wessen Waschmaschine ist das?
This my mom's washing machine. - Whose This washing machine?
Ich verkaufe das Kleid meiner Oma. - Wessen Kleid verkaufe ich?
I sell my grandmother's dress. - Whose dress I sell?
In modern German, the Genitive case can often be replaced by a preposition von, demanding after himself Dative case - Dativ. This is especially true for oral speech.
Ich sehe das Heft von meinem Freund.
I see my friend's notebook.
Dative
The dative case answers questions Wem? Who?, Wann? When? and Wo? Where?.
Question Wem? To whom? refers to the person to whom the action is addressed. Question Wann? When? - by the time, and the question Wo? Where? - to the place of an object or person in space.
Example sentence with the question Wem? To whom?:
Der Nachbar schenkt seinem Freund eine Lampe - Wem Schenkt der Nachbar eine Lampe?
The neighbor gives to my friend lamp. - To whom does your neighbor give you a lamp?
Question Wann? When? used only with prepositions of time ( in - through, vor - after) and demands after himself only Dative case:
In einer Woche kommt er zurück. - Wann Kommt er zurück?
A week later he will return. - When he will return?
Question Wo? Where? used with prepositions of place and direction of movement: an- on the, auf- on the, hinter- behind, behind, neben- next to, near, around, in- V, unter- under, Uber- above, vor- before, zwischen- between.
These prepositions may require two cases after them: or Dative - Dativ, or Accusative - Akkusativ.
If a construction or word is asked the question Wo? Where? , then it is used Dative- Dativ:
Das Buch liegt auf dem Tisch. - Wo liegt das Buch? Dativ
The book lies on the table. - Where is there a book? Dative case
If the construction or word is posed with the question Wohin? Where? , then it is used Accusative - Akkusativ.
Sie legt das Buch auf den Tisch. - Wohin legt sie das Buch? Akkusativ
She puts down the book on the table. - Where does she put the book down? Accusative
Accusative
The accusative case usually describes some object or some person. This case answers the questions Wen? Who?, Was? What? and Wohin? Where?.
Examples of using sentences with questions Wen? Whom? and Was? What?:
Die Mutter preist ihre Tochter. - Wen Preist die Mutter?
Mom praises your daughter. - Whom does mom praise?
Cases in German- at first glance, a very complex topic, but in fact it is a grammatical base. Today we will tell you everything about cases in simple words. Attention! Lots of useful material.
There are 4 cases in German:
. Nominative (N)- answers the questions: wer?(Who?) was?(What?)
. Genitiv (G) - Wessen?(whose? whose? whose?)
. Dativ (D) - wem?(to whom?) wann?(When?) wo?(Where?) wie?(How?)
. Akkusativ (Akk) - wen? was?(who? what?) who?(Where?)
All nouns, adjectives and pronouns have the ability to decline, which means changing by case.
REMEMBER: Cases in Russian and German overlap, but do not coincide. There are 6 cases in Russian, and 4 in German.
How it works
In simple terms, case affects either the article or the ending of the word, or both.The most important: the case must indicate what gender the word is and what number (singular or plural)
HOW TO CHOOSE A CASE: We need to ask a question! (see list of questions above) Depending on the question we ask about a noun/pronoun, its case changes! An adjective is always “attached” to a noun, which means it changes depending on it.
What do cases affect?
. Usnouns, especially., possessive and other pronouns
. On verbs (see)
. On padjectives
Now let's look at each case in detail!
Nominative case (Nominativ)
The nominative case answers the questions wer? - Who? and was? - What?Nominativ is the direct case, while the other three cases are derived from it and are called indirect. Nominativ is independent and does not come into contact with prepositions. The form of the word (inflected part of speech) in the Nominativ singular is considered to be the basic form of the word. Let's learn several word formation rules regarding the nominative case.
Rule 1. Pronouns, adjectives, the word kein, masculine and neuter, do not have an ending in the nominative case; in the feminine and plural they receive an ending -e
Eine Frau- woman
Ein Mann- man
Keine Fragen!- No questions!
Rule 2. In the case of weak declension (definite article + adjective + noun), the adjective receives the ending -e And the plural is the ending -en
Die intelligente Frau- clever woman
Der ernste Mann- a serious man
Die guten Freunde- Good friends
Rule 3. With a strong declension (adjective + noun), the adjective receives an ending corresponding to the gender of the noun;
Ernster Mann- a serious man
Rule 4. With a mixed declension (indefinite article + adjective + noun), the adjective receives an ending that corresponds to the gender of the noun. After all, the indefinite article does not indicate gender. For example, it is impossible to immediately say what type ein Fenster- masculine or average
Ein kleines Fenster- small window
Eine intelligente Frau- clever woman
BY THE WAY: there are a number of verbs that agree ONLY with the nominative case, that is, after them the Nominativ is always used
sein (to be)Sie ist eine fürsorgliche Mutter.- She is a caring mother.werden (to become)Er wird ein guter Pilot.- He will become a good pilot.
bleiben (to stay) Für die Eltern blieben wir immer Kinder.- For parents, we always remain children.
heißen (to be called)Ich heiße Alex.- My name is Alex.
In most textbooks, the genitive case comes next, but we will consider the accusative, since it differs from the nominative only same family
, and it’s easier to learn this way!
Accusative case (Akkusativ)
The accusative case answers the questions wen? - whom? and was? - What?
MEMORY: Remember that the letter R has changed to N. This will make it easier to learn several rules at once.
Akkusativ also plays a huge role in the language. In fact, it is easier than its “indirect” brothers in terms of word formation.
Rule 1. Adjectives, articles, pronouns male get ending -en , the noun remains unchanged ( );
Rule 2. The plural, feminine and neuter forms are the same as in Nominativ!
Remember, we talked about how R changed to N, and now look at the sign, even the personal pronoun has an N ending! 
Dative
The dative case answers the question wem? - to whom?The dative case (Dativ) is used very often
FACT: In some regions of Germany, the dative case is even replaced by the genitive...almost completely
In terms of word formation, the dative case is more complex than the accusative case, but still quite simple.
Rule 1. Adjectives, articles, masculine and neuter pronouns receive endings -m without changing the noun itself ( excluding weak nouns);
Rule 2. Adjectives, articles, feminine pronouns receive endings -r ;
Rule 3. In the plural, both the noun and the word dependent on it acquire the ending -(e)n
.
For examples explaining the rules of word formation in the dative case, see the table
By the way, pay attention to the correspondence between the last letters of definite articles and personal pronouns:
de m
-ih m
de r
-ih r
Yes, yes, this is also not without reason!
Genitive case
The genitive case (Genetiv) answers the question wessen? (whose?, whose?, whose?)This is perhaps the most difficult case of the four. As a rule, it denotes the belonging of one object to another ( die Flagge Germany). In the masculine and neuter genders, nouns receive the ending -(e)s, the feminine gender and plural remain unchanged. There are a lot of word formation rules in the genitive case; they are clearly presented below.
Rule 1. In Genitiv, masculine and neuter nouns of the strong declension take on the ending -(e)s , feminine and plural remain unchanged;
Rule 2. A masculine or neuter adjective in Genitiv becomes neutral -en , since the “indicator” of the genitive case is the ending -(e)s - already has a noun on which this adjective depends, but adjectives, articles, feminine and plural pronouns receive a characteristic ending -r ;
Rule 3. Some weak nouns (those ending -en in all cases except the nominative) are still received in the genitive case -s :
der Wille-des Willens,
das Herz - des Herzens,
der Glaube - des Glaubens.
They must be remembered!
How are nouns declined in German?
If in Russian the ending of a noun changes when declension occurs (mama, mamu, mama...), then in German the article changes (conjugates). Let's look at the table. It gives the declination of both the definite article and the indefinite:
SO: To deflect a noun in German, it is enough to learn the declension of the article and take into account some of the features that nouns receive
Pay attention again!
1. Masculine and neuter nouns in Genitiv acquire an ending (e)s - (des Tisches, des Buches)2. In the plural in Dativ, the noun receives the ending (e)n - den Kindern
3. In the plural there is no indefinite article.
4. Possessive pronouns bow down according to the principle of the indefinite article!
About prepositions. What is management?
The fact is that in the German language (as often in Russian) each case has its own prepositions! These prepositions control parts of speech.Management can be:
- at verbs
- for adjectives
If the pretext MIT(c) belongs to the Dativ, then in combination with a verb or an adjective the noun will be in the dative case:
Ich bin mit meiner Hausaufgebe fertig - I finished my homework
Here are examples of verbs with controls in the dative and accusative cases:
AND ALSO, REMEMBER: If in relation to space you pose the question “where?”, then Akkusativ will be used, and if you pose the question “where?”, then Dativ (see)
Let's consider two proposals:
1. Die Kinder spielen in dem ( =im) Wald. - Kids are playing ( Where? - Dativ) in the forest, i.e. noun der Wald is in the dative case (so the article DEM )
2. Die Kinder gehen in den Wald. - The children are going (where? - Akk.) to the forest.
In this case, der Wald is in Akk. - den Wald.
Here is a good summary table of the distribution of prepositions by case:
So, in order to master the topic of noun declination, you need to learn how masculine, feminine, neuter and plural articles are declined. At first, our table will be your support, then the skill will become automatic.
That's all you need to know about the cases of the German language. In order to finally understand them and avoid making grammatical mistakes, we will briefly outline several important rules for the declension of different parts of speech.
Rustam Reichenau and Anna Reiche, Deutsch Online
Do you want to learn German? Enroll in Deutsch School Online! To study, you need a computer, smartphone or tablet with Internet access, and you can study online from anywhere in the world at a time convenient for you.Let's compare two Russian sentences:
The car turned the corner.
I noticed this car.
In the first case, the actor is the machine. Word car is in the nominative case (who what?), as it is called here, the doer is called. In the second case, the machine turns from an actor into an object (here – observation). This is the so-called accusative case (I blame, I blame who? What?).
Car turns into car, that is, it changes the ending.
Let's now see what happens in German in a similar situation:
Der Zug geht um halb zwölf.— The train leaves at half past twelve.
Ich nehme den Zug. – Verbatim: I'll take this train.
As you can see, unlike the Russian language, it is not the ending that has changed, but the article. Der Zug– in the nominative case (Nominative), den Zug– in the accusative case (Akkusativ). In the nominative case, words answer questions Who? What? ( wer? was?), and in the accusative - to questions whom? What? ( wen? was?). But when you speak German, you no longer have time to control yourself with questions. Therefore, it is easier to focus on what a given word represents: the doer or the object of the action. If the object of the action is Akkusativ. Just imagine an arrow (->) - and you can’t go wrong. Moreover, the object of the action must be without a preposition, since a preposition, as in Russian, changes everything. Compare: Did the job. Got the job done. In other words, the arrow should point directly to the object.
Proverb: Übung mast den Meister. – The exercise is done by the master.
So far we have dealt with the masculine gender, where the article der changed to den. Let us now observe what happens in the remaining genders and in the plural:
Neuter gender (n): Ich nehme das Taxi. - I'll take (this) taxi.
Feminine (f): Ich nehme die Straßenbahn. - I'll take (this) tram.
Plural (pl): Ich nehme die Briefmarken. - I'll take (these) stamps.
As you can see, nothing happens. Akkusativ does not change neuter and feminine nouns in any way, nor does it affect the plural.
Therefore you need to remember: Akkusativ - this is only for the masculine gender, onlyder onden !
What if the article is indefinite?
Ich trinke eine Milch, ein Bier und ein en Wein.– I will drink milk, beer and wine.
(I'll take this risk for the sake of grammar.) Where is the masculine word here? Right, der (ein) Wein. IN Akkusativ ein moved to einen by adding -en.
Means, der -> den, ein -> einen(kein -> keinen, mein -> meinen). Everything is on-en .
Notice that after the expression es gibt (there is, there is) must be consumed Akkusativ(for the simple reason that this expression is literally translated it gives... who? What?):
Es gibt hier ein en Biergarten.– There is a biergarten (beer garden: a beer garden under the trees).
To express a period of time (->) also used Akkusativ:
Ich war dort den ganz en Tag.– I was there all (“the whole”) day.
Ich gehe jed en Tag dorthin.– I go there every day.
A noun can be replaced by a pronoun ("instead of a name"), when it is already clear who or what we are talking about.
Ich kenne den Mann.- I know this man.
Ich kenne ihn. - I know him.
Here we have Akkusativ- and masculine gender. As well as der changes to den, pronoun er (he) changes to ihn (him). This is not difficult to remember, since everywhere -r goes into -n.
But you don’t have to use special pronouns (er, ihn), you can simply leave the definite article - and it will be the same, only a little more familiar:
Ich kenne den. - I know him (this). Der ist mein Freund. - He is my friend.
In other births (sie – she, es – it) and in the plural (sie – they) no changes occur. Akkusativ = Nominativ. That is, literally, it says:
I know she, I know it, I know they.
For example:
Ich kenne die Frau, ich kenne die (sie). - I know this woman, I know her.
Ich kenne das Buch, ich kenne das (es). - I know this book.
Ich kenne die Bücher, ich kenne die (sie). – I know these books, I know them.
Ich kenne Sie. - Do I know you.
Polite form Sie in German it is not taken from You, and from They. That is, when addressing you politely, they say: I know they.
As for other so-called personal pronouns (denoting persons) in Nominative and in Akkusativ, then they are best remembered in examples:
Ich liebe dich. - I love you.
Liebst du mich? - Do you love me?
Seht ihr uns? -Can you see us?(Ihr – this is when with each of the interlocutors You.)
Wir sehen euch. - We see you.
Today we will touch upon topics of nouns and how to work with them in German.
As you noticed, until this time we considered only verbs and the rules for working with them. For example, how to correctly say:
man who comes every evening with a woman in the cafe. They always order coffee and fruit cake. An hour later he pays and they leave.
Later we will say this in German.
The highlighted words are in the Accusative case (Akkusativ) and answer the questions “who? What?" and where?"
I see (whom?) a man.
He comes (Where?) in the cafe.
They order (What?) coffee and fruit cake.
Nouns in Accusative
In German it works like this:
| Masculine | |
|---|---|
| Nominative– wer? was? (who what?) |
This is a man. Das ist der (ein) Mann. This is a park. Das ist der (ein) Park. |
| Akkusativ– wen? was? who? (who? what? where?) |
I see a man. Ich sehe den (einen) Mann. He goes to the park. Er geht in den Park. |
| Feminine | |
|---|---|
| Nominative– wer? was? (who what?) |
This is a woman. Das ist die (eine) Frau. This city. Das ist die Stadt. |
| Akkusativ– wen? was? who? (who? what? where?) |
I see a woman. Ich sehe die (eine) Frau. She's going to town. Sie fährt in die Stadt. |
Only the masculine article changes Der – Den. Everything else is unchanged:
Verb haben
Haben - to have.
When using this verb, all related nouns are in the Accusative.
The verb changes irregularly:
| haben | |
|---|---|
| Ich | habe |
| Du | hast |
| Er, sie, es | hat |
| Wir | haben |
| Ihr | habt |
| Sie, sie | haben |
Negation
Nouns in German are negated using the negative article kein(e) .
This is a man. This is not a man, this is a woman. She doesn't have a man.– Das ist ein Mann. Das ist kein Mann, das ist eine Frau. Sie hat keinen Mann.
This is an apartment. This is not an apartment, this is a house. I don't have an apartment.– Das ist eine Wohnung. Das ist keine Wohnung, das ist ein Haus. Ich habe keine Wohnung.
This is a car. This is not a car, this is a bus. I do not have a car.– Das ist ein Auto. Das ist kein Auto, das ist ein Bus. Ich habe kein Auto.
These are friends. They are not friends. He has no friends.– Das sind Freunde. Sie sind keine Freunde. Er hat keine Freunde.
And here is the text that was at the beginning. Now you can easily understand almost all the grammatical structures that are present in it - you already know quite a lot!
I work in a cafe and every day I see man who comes every evening with a woman in the cafe. They always order coffee and fruit cake. An hour later he pays and they leave.
Ich arbeite in dem (in dem = im) Cafe und sehe jeden Tag den Mann, der jeden Abend mit der Frau in das (in das = ins) Cafe kommt. Sie bestellen immer den Kaffee und den Obstkuchen. In einer Stunde bezahlt er und sie gehen weg. (weggehen – to leave)